Éva Vámos (1950–2015)

Notes on Contributors

Previous article FreeNotes on ContributorsPDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmailQR Code SectionsMoreJon Agar is Professor of Science and Technology Studies at University College, London. He is the author of Science in the Twentieth Century and Beyond (Polity/John Wiley, 2012) and The Government Machine (MIT Press, 2003).Jennifer Karns Alexander is a historian of technology in the Department of Mechanical Engineering and the Program in History of Science, Technology, and Medicine at the University of Minnesota. She is the author of The Mantra of Efficiency (Johns Hopkins, 2008), winner of the Society for the History of Technology's Edelstein Prize.Rachel A. Ankeny is a professor in the School of History and Politics at the University of Adelaide. She holds a master's in bioethics and a Ph.D. in history and philosophy of science; she specializes in history and philosophy of contemporary biology, particularly genetics, and worked in genetic counseling clinics in the 1980s.Theodore Arabatzis is Professor of History and Philosophy of Science at the University of Athens. He is the author of Representing Electrons: A Biographical Approach to Theoretical Entities (University of Chicago Press, 2006), coeditor of Kuhn's “The Structure of Scientific Revolutions” Revisited (Routledge, 2012), and coeditor of the journal Metascience.Massimiliano Badino is Marie Curie Research Fellow at the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona and MIT. He has worked on the history and philosophy of modern physics, particularly on Planck's theory of black-body radiation and on Boltzmann's statistical mechanics. His current research project deals with the evolution of the concepts of order and chaos in mathematical physics from the three-body problem to the ergodic theorem.Charlotte Bigg is a historian of science at the CNRS/Centre Alexandre Koyré, Paris. She has coedited (with Jochen Hennig) Atombilder: Ikonografie des Atoms in Wissenschaft und Öffentlichkeit des 20. Jahrhunderts (Wallstein, 2009) and (with David Aubin and Otto Sibum) The Heavens on Earth: Observatories and Astronomy in Nineteenth-Century Science and Culture (Duke, 2010).Christian Bracco is an associate professor at the University of Nice Sophia Antipolis and a member of the team for history of astronomy at the Syrte Laboratory at the Paris Observatory. He specializes in the history of physics of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and also contributes to pedagogical publications that address historical problematics.Massimo Bucciantini teaches history of science at the University of Siena. His publications include Galileo e Keplero (Einaudi, 2003; trans., Les Belles Lettres, 2008), Esperimento Auschwitz / Auschwitz Experiment (Primo Levi Lecture) (Einaudi, 2011), and Il telescopio di Galileo: Una storia europea (with M. Camerota and F. Giudice) (Einaudi, 2012; trans., Harvard University Press, 2015).Adelene Buckland is Lecturer in Nineteenth-Century Literature at King's College, London. She is the author of Novel Science: Fiction and the Invention of Nineteenth-Century Geology (Chicago, 2013) and coeditor, with Beth Palmer, of A Return to the Common Reader: Print Culture and the Novel, 1850–1900 (Ashgate, 2011).Conor Burns teaches history of science and technology courses at Ryerson University in Toronto. His current research examines American field sciences in the period 1780–1850, with a particular focus on archaeology and geology.Christián C. Carman is a professor and researcher at the Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Argentina, and a research member of the National Research Council of Argentina (CONICET). He works on topics related to philosophy of science as well as the history of ancient astronomy.Imogen Clarke is an independent scholar. She is interested in early twentieth-century physics and culture, science publishing, and the ether.Harold J. (Hal) Cook is the John F. Nickoll Professor of History at Brown University. He works mainly on early modern science and medicine and has published award-winning books, most recently Matters of Exchange: Commerce, Medicine, and Science in the Dutch Golden Age (Yale University Press, 2007).Ruth Schwartz Cowan is Janice and Julian Bers Professor Emerita of History and Sociology of Science at the University of Pennsylvania. Her most recent book is Heredity and Hope: The Case for Genetic Screening (Harvard, 2008). She is working on the sesquicentennial history of the National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council.Brendan Dooley is Professor of Renaissance Studies at University College, Cork. He has previously taught history of knowledge and history of science at Harvard, Notre Dame, and Jacobs University in Bremen. His current publications include Brill's Companion to Renaissance Astrology (2014), Renaissance Now! (Peter Lang, 2014), and A Mattress Maker's Daughter: The Renaissance Romance of Don Giovanni de' Medici and Livia Vernazza (Harvard, 2014).Sven Dupré is Professor of History of Knowledge at the Freie Universität Berlin and Research Group Director at the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science. He is the editor of Laboratories of Art: Alchemy and Art Technology from Antiquity to the Eighteenth Century (Springer, 2014).Richard England is Dean of the Sandra and Jack Pine Honors College and Professor of Philosophy at Eastern Illinois University. He is the coeditor (with Jude Nixon) of Victorian Science, Religion, and Natural Theology (2011) and one of three editors preparing an edition of the papers of the Metaphysical Society (1869–1880).James Evans is Director of the Program in Science, Technology, and Society at the University of Puget Sound. His research interests include the history of physics from the eighteenth century to the recent past, as well as ancient astronomy.Paul Lawrence Farber is an Oregon State University Distinguished Professor Emeritus. He has written primarily on the history of natural history and is now working on the tangled questions on race mixing in the first half of the twentieth century. His most recent book is Mixing Races: From Scientific Racism to Modern Evolutionary Ideas (Johns Hopkins, 2011).Amy E. Foster is an associate professor of history at the University of Central Florida, where she teaches the history of science, technology, and medicine. Her research includes the history of women and technology, particularly women in the U.S. space program.Craig Fraser is Chair of the International Commission for the History of Mathematics and Director of the Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology at the University of Toronto. His primary field of interest is the history of analysis and mathematical mechanics.Jean-François Gauvin is the Director of Administration for the Collection of Historical Scientific Instruments at Harvard University. Since 2000 he has cowritten and coedited two prize-winning volumes as well as several articles and book reviews dealing with science museums, instruments, and instrument making. He teaches one course per semester at Harvard on the material culture of science.Alexa Geisthövel is a research associate at the Institute for the History of Medicine and Ethics in Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin. Her work is part of the ERC-funded research project “Ways of Writing: How Physicians Know, 1550–1950.”Francesco Gerali is a postdoctoral researcher at the National Autonomous University of Mexico. A native Italian who works on the history of the early oil industry, he moved to Mexico in 2011 to study the development of Mexican oil between 1860 and 1920.Yves Gingras ([email protected]) is Professor in the Department of History and Canada Research Chair in History and Sociology of Science at the Université du Québec à Montréal. He was President of the Canadian Science and Technology Historical Association (CSTHA) from 1988 to 1993 and Editor of Scientia Canadensis from 1995 to 2000. His most recent books are Sociologie des sciences (Presses Universitaires de France, 2012) and Les derives de l'évaluation de la recherché: Du bon usage de la bibliométrie (Raisons d'Agir, 2013). He is also the editor of Controverses: Accords et désaccords en sciences humaines et sociales (CNRS Éditions, 2014).Leila Gómez is Associate Professor of Latin American and Comparative Literatures at the University of Colorado, Boulder. She specializes in travel writing in Latin America; her publications include La piedra del escándalo: Darwin en Argentina (Buenos Aires, 2008), Iluminados y tránsfugas: Relatos de viajeros y ficciones nacionales en Argentina, Paraguay y Perú (Madrid, 2009), and Darwinism in Argentina: Major Texts (Lewisburg, 2011).Christopher D. Green is Professor of Psychology at York University, with cross-appointments to Science and Technology Studies and to Philosophy. His research is focused on turn-of-the-twentieth-century American psychology and on the use of digital methods in the history of science more broadly.Crystal Hall is Visiting Assistant Professor of Digital Humanities at Bowdoin College, where she is building a digital project on Galileo's personal library. She is the author of Galileo's Reading (Cambridge, 2013) and several articles on Galileo and literary studies in journals including Renaissance Quarterly and Quaderni d'Italianistica.Christopher Hamlin is Professor in the Department of History and the graduate program in History and Philosophy of Science at the University of Notre Dame and Honorary Professor in the Department of Public Health and Policy at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. His interests include natural theology, the history of public health, and the history of expertise. His most recent book is More Than Hot: A Short History of Fever (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2014).John Henry recently retired from the University of Edinburgh, where he had been Professor of the History of Science and Director of the Science Studies Unit. He has published widely in the history of science, including an introductory textbook, A Short History of Scientific Thought (Palgrave Macmillan, 2012).Jonathan B. Imber is Jean Glasscock Professor of Sociology at Wellesley College. He has been Editor-in-Chief of Society since 1998. He is the author of Trusting Doctors: The Decline of Moral Authority in American Medicine (Princeton University Press, 2008).Catherine Jackson is an assistant professor in the Department of the History of Science at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. She has published on Liebig, Hofmann, and nineteenth-century chemical laboratories and is the coeditor, with Hasok Chang, of An Element of Controversy: The Life of Chlorine in Science, Medicine, Technology, and War (2007).Danielle Jacquart is a professor at the École Pratique des Hautes Études (Paris), where she holds the chair for “History of Sciences in the Middle Ages.” She is the author of numerous publications on medieval medicine. Among the most recent are “Anatomy, Physiology, and Medical Theory,” in The Cambridge History of Science, Volume 2: Medieval Science (2013); and Recherches médiévales sur la nature humaine: Essais sur la réflexion médicale (SISMEL, 2014).Frank A. J. L. James is Professor of History of Science at the Royal Institution and at University College, London. He recently completed the six-volume edition of the Correspondence of Michael Faraday and is now working on a study of Humphry Davy's practical work.Mark Jenner is Reader in Early Modern History and Director of the Centre for Renaissance and Early Modern Studies at the University of York. His publications include Londinopolis (Manchester, 2000) and Medicine and the Market in England and Its Colonies, c. 1450–c. 1850 (Palgrave, 2007). He completing a book on ideas of cleanliness and dirt in early modern England.Masanori Kaji is Associate Professor of the History of Science at the Tokyo Institute of Technology. His research interests include history of chemistry in Russia and in Japan and environmental history. He is the author of Mendeleev's Discovery of the Periodic Law of Chemical Elements (1997).Vera Keller is an assistant professor at the Robert D. Clark Honors College of the University of Oregon. She is the author of over a dozen articles. Her first book, Knowledge and the Public Interest, 1575–1725 (Cambridge University Press, forthcoming), explores the role of interest theory in the reshaping of research in early modern Europe.Sally Gregory Kohlstedt is a professor in the Program in History of Science, Technology, and Medicine at the University of Minnesota. Her recent book, Hands-On Nature Study (2011), won the Margaret Rossiter Prize. She will spend her sabbatical year, 2014–2015, doing research on museum history at various sites, including the Smithsonian Institution and the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science.Brandon Konoval is on the faculty at the University of British Columbia, where he is cross-appointed in the Arts One Program and the School of Music. He has written most recently on Nietzsche and the Scopes trial for Perspectives on Science (2014) and on the relationship between Nietzsche and Foucault for Nietzsche-Studien (2013).Stefan Krebs, a postdoctoral researcher in the Department of Technology and Society Studies at Maastricht University, is the author of Technikwissenschaft als soziale Praxis (Franz Steiner Verlag, 2008) and, with Karin Bijsterveld, Eefje Cleophas, and Gijs Mom, of Sound and Safe: A History of Listening Behind the Wheel (Oxford University Press, 2014).Kenton Kroker has published on the history of sleep research, experimental psychology, and clinical immunology. His current research project, Epidemic Futures, is a historical reconstruction of the encephalitis lethargica pandemics of the early twentieth century. He is an associate professor in the Department of Science and Technology Studies at York University in Toronto.Deepak Kumar teaches history of science and education at Jawaharlal Nehru University in New Delhi. During the last four decades he has researched and published a great deal on the history of science, technology, and medicine in the context of British India. He is also known for his book Science and the Raj (Oxford, 2nd ed., 2006).Thomas C. Lassman is curator of the post–World War II rocket and missile collection at the National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution. His research interests focus on the history of U.S. industrial and military research and development and the history of weapon systems acquisition in the Department of Defense.Christoph Lehner works on history and philosophy of modern physics, especially quantum mechanics and quantum field theory. He is a research scholar at the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science in Berlin and the coordinator of the project “History and Foundations of Quantum Physics.”David Leith is an Advanced Research Fellow in the Department of Classics and Ancient History at the University of Exeter. His main research interests lie in Greco-Roman medicine, in particular its relations to ancient philosophy.Thomas Lessl is Professor of Communication Studies at the University of Georgia. He is the author of Rhetorical Darwinism: Evolution, Religion, and the Scientific Identity (Baylor University Press, 2012).Mark Madison is Adjunct Professor at Shepherd University and the Chief Historian for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service at the National Conservation Training Center Museum/Archives.Anna Maerker is Senior Lecturer in History of Medicine at King's College, London. She works on the relationship between expertise and material culture in medicine and science and is the author of Model Experts: Wax Anatomies and Enlightenment in Florence and Vienna, 1775–1815 (2013).Jaume Navarro is Ikerbasque Research Professor at the University of the Basque Country. He is the author, among other works, of A History of the Electron: J. J. and G. P. Thomson (Cambridge, 2012) and coeditor of Research and Pedagogy: A History of Quantum Physics through Its Textbooks (Berlin, 2013).Vivian Nutton is Emeritus Professor of the History of Medicine at University College, London, and a Fellow of the British Academy. His recent publications include a revision of his Ancient Medicine (2013), the first English translation and commentary on Galen's Avoiding Distress (2013), and the historical introduction to the 2013 Karger translation of Vesalius's The Fabric of the Human Body.Mary Jo Nye is Professor of History Emerita at Oregon State University in Corvallis. Her most recent book is Michael Polanyi and His Generation: Origins of the Social Construction of Science (University of Chicago Press, 2011). Her current research focuses on patterns of collaboration in twentieth-century chemical sciences.Giuliano Pancaldi is Professor of the History of Science at the University of Bologna. He is the author of Darwin in Italy (Indiana, 1991) and Volta (Princeton, 2003). He is now working on a study of the connections between the life sciences and the demographic transition circa 1900.Leigh Penman is a postdoctoral fellow at the Centre for the History of European Discourses at the University of Queensland. He is the author of Unanticipated Millenniums: Chiliastic Thought in Post-Reformation Lutheranism (Springer, forthcoming) and numerous articles in the areas of early modern religious and intellectual history.Michael Pettit is Associate Professor of Psychology and Science and Technology Studies at York University. His first book is The Science of Deception: Psychology and Commerce in America (University of Chicago Press, 2013). He studies the history of psychology's research methods and ethics, the relationship between scientists and subject populations, the interface between psychology and public policy, and the circulation of psychology in the public sphere.Patricia Princehouse is a member of the Department of History and Director of the Program in Evolutionary Biology, Institute for the Science of Origins, Case Western Reserve University.Monica Saavedra is a research fellow at the Centre for Global Health Histories, University of York. She has worked in the fields of medical anthropology and the history of medicine and has published about vaccination and malaria in former Portuguese India and Portugal.C. F. Salazar, previously the Editor-in-Chief of Brill's New Pauly, is a research associate at both the University of Newcastle upon Tyne and the Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, working on translations of works by Galen and Aetius of Amida, respectively.George Saliba is Professor of Arabic and Islamic Science at Columbia University and studies the development of scientific ideas from late antiquity to early modern times. His most recent book is Islamic Science and the Making of the European Renaissance (MIT Press, 2007; paperback, 2011).Darya Serykh is a Ph.D. student in Social and Political Thought at York University. Her current research focuses on the production of queer discourses in the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War.Megan K. Sethi is an adjunct professor at Southern New Hampshire University. Her work examines the educational activities of scientists who promoted nuclear arms control during the early Cold War era. She participated in the Wilson Center's SHAFR Summer Institute on the International History of Nuclear Weapons in 2013.Michael H. Shank is Professor of the History of Science at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. He is the coeditor, with David Lindberg, of the Cambridge History of Science, Volume 2: Medieval Science (2013).Elise Juzda Smith has written on the history of craniology, anthropometry, and scientific racism in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. She is currently a Teaching and Research Fellow in the History of Medicine at the University of Oxford.Richard Staley lectures in the Department of History and Philosophy of Science at the University of Cambridge. He is the author of Einstein's Generation and the Relativity Revolution (Chicago, 2008), and his current research explores physics and anthropology.Heiko Stoff is Guest Professor for the History of Science and Technology at the Technical University of Braunschweig. He has published on the history of rejuvenation (Ewige Jugend: Konzepte der Verjüngung vom späten 19. Jahrhundert bis ins Dritte Reich [Böhlau, 2004]) and the history of biologically active substances (Wirkstoffe: Eine Wissenschaftsgeschichte der Hormone, Vitamine und Enzyme, 1920–1970 [Stuttgart, 2012]). He is the editor, with Alexander von Schwerin and Bettina Wahrig, of Biologics: A History of Agents Made from Living Organisms in the Twentieth Century (Pickering & Chatto, 2013).Liba Taub is Director and Curator of the Whipple Museum of the History of Science and Professor of History and Philosophy of Science at the University of Cambridge. Her publications include Aetna and the Moon: Explaining Nature in Ancient Greece and Rome, Ancient Meteorology, and Ptolemy's Universe: The Natural Philosophical and Ethical Foundations of Ptolemy's Astronomy.Jetze Touber is a postdoctoral researcher at Utrecht University. His Ph.D. dissertation, on the cult of the saints and law, medicine, and in Rome, has recently been published by His research interests include in the Dutch and and in the of is Associate Professor of History and Sociology of Science at the University of and the author of The Science and Technology is Emeritus Professor of History at the University of New and the author of in The of American and the of the and Conservation in America (University of Chicago is Research Group at the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science in Berlin. His research focuses on the history of ancient and early modern mechanics and on the between practical and knowledge in the history of a historian of ancient and medieval Islamic and is coordinator of at University and of the Canadian Society for History and Philosophy of He is author of The Mathematics of the Heavens and the Earth: The Early History of (Princeton, 2009) and The Art of (Princeton, is Senior Lecturer in the History of Science in the Department of History at University. His research focuses on the early modern between and He has published on the history of and astronomy and is now preparing work on early modern and on the of A. is an assistant professor of history at University and teaches in the industrial archaeology graduate program His work is between early modern and and the history of nineteenth-century American military technology and the that J. is an assistant professor of history at The University of the and the author of The as Scientific and in the Early Enlightenment (Chicago, An early who specializes in the history of science, she has published widely on and and education in the first half of the eighteenth century. She is working on a project about the history of the in early modern is Assistant Professor of History of Art at State University. He is a in medieval and the history of His first book, de and the Medieval in from the Institute in is Research Fellow in the Department of History and Philosophy of Science, University of and Research Associate at King's College, Cambridge. Her current research project focuses on the of culture, medicine, and the role of in science, Previous article by Volume of the History of Science Society on by The History of Science articles

Notes on Contributors

Notes on Contributors

Notes on Contributors

As important public venues for the communication of scientific culture, science and technology museums are increasingly valued for their role in enhancing the public's scientific literacy. In recent years, research on the science-communication (popularization) function of science and technology museums in China has broadened in scope, and the history of science, as an important academic resource for promoting science, has gained growing recognition. However, from a historiographical perspective, only a few scholars have engaged in research on the application of the history of science in science and technology museums. Research on this subject remains in an infant stage and fails to fully capture the underpinning role of the history of science in science education and communication. In particular, as a theoretical resource, the significance and value of views on the history of science in guiding science communication has been largely neglected. This paper discusses the current situation and associated problems at both the research and practical levels of museums, explores the importance and necessity of science communication in museums in the context of science historiography, and provides some insights for science communication in museums.

Reviewed by: Behind the Exhibit: Displaying Science and Technology at World's Fairs and Museums in the Twentieth Century. Artefacts: Studies in the History of Science and Technology, vol. 12 ed. by Elena Canadelli Morris Low (bio) Behind the Exhibit: Displaying Science and Technology at World's Fairs and Museums in the Twentieth Century. Artefacts: Studies in the History of Science and Technology, vol. 12. Edited by Elena Canadelli, Marco Beretta, and Laura Ronzon. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press, 2019. Pp. 263. The papers in this handsomely illustrated book document how nations have looked to science and technology exhibits to celebrate their achievements since the late nineteenth century. While many historians have noted, in passing, how exhibits at world's fairs have often made their way into museums, this book is the first devoted to exploring the links between these settings. In addition, it documents how there has been a growing emphasis on multimedia experiences and hands-on exhibits over static displays of objects since the interwar period. While obvious to many historians of technology, the editors trace this shift's historical roots in Behind the Exhibit through a dozen case studies. The book starts by discussing the display of chemical heritage and the controversy between the French and Germans in the late 1860s over Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier's role in the history of chemistry. Next, we see how Germany, Russia, and America attempted to claim electrical telegraphy as their own, despite the technology being the result of cumulative progress (chapter 2). The strength of the volume is the section on the interwar period. The Catalan forge was seen by some engineers as a symbol of the "technological soul" of the Catalan nation dating back to the Middle Ages (chapter 3). Unfortunately for the Catalans, the Spanish government chose to "de-Catalanize" the 1929 Barcelona International Exhibition and no traces of Catalonia's metallurgical past appeared. Other European efforts to link science and technology to nations and regions were more successful. The book also discusses the First National Exhibition of the History of Science held in Florence that same year (chapter 4). It led to the establishment of a national Museum of the History of Science, now the Museo Galileo, in 1930. Italians also looked to world's fairs to project their national achievements on an international stage. At the 1933 Century of Progress World's Fair in Chicago, some of the replicas and scale models exhibited by the Italians would later enter the collections of the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago as well as the National Museum of Science and Technology in Milan. [End Page 1269] The Chicago fair emphasized modern science, spectacle, and the importance of experiences. It showcased the first modern planetarium in the United States, which took the form of an astronomical museum, housing a significant collection of historical scientific instruments (chapter 6). This dual approach is what we see in many museums today. The book then discusses the establishment of the Palais de la Découverte against the background of the 1937 Paris International Exposition of Arts and Technology in Modern Life (chapter 7). The vision for the Palais was a permanent museum dedicated to modern science, a forerunner of a modern science center. As the Hall of Science at the Chicago fair had influenced the Palais, we can point to a web of influences that this book helps identify. The book also examines the Italian Exhibition of Universal Science set to open in 1942 as part of the Universal Exposition of Rome, which then became part of a permanent science museum (chapter 8). Although the expo was ultimately cancelled, the grand plans nevertheless show the scale of Mussolini's ambitions and what a science museum in Rome would have looked like. The link between science and ideology was further emphasized during the Cold War. The final part of the book is devoted to the post-World War II period. The book covers the Smithsonian Institution's Museum of History and Technology (now the National Museum of American History) as an example of the reinvention of the science museum in the 1960s, in contrast with the Exploratorium in San Francisco (chapter 9...

Cutting Edge of the Contemporary: KNUST, Accra, and the Ghanaian Contemporary Art Movement

Book Review: Understanding Use: Objects in Museums of Science and Technology Understanding Use: Objects in Museums of Science and Technology, Artefacts: Studies in the History of Science and Technology (vol. 13). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Scholarly Press, edited by BoonTimHainesElizabethDuboisArnaudStaubermannKlaus, 2024. 242 p. ISBN (online): 978-1-944466-72-5, ISBN (print): 978-1-944466-73-2.

In recent years, the virtual reality technique has been gradually introduced into the education field. Wherein, the virtual science and technology museum which is constructed by using the virtual reality technique has been recognized; its appearance not only gives full play to the technical features of virtual reality technique but also becomes the perfect complement and extension for the physical science and technology museum; meanwhile, it promotes the development of the science and technology museum and the whole science popularization. This paper briefly analyzes the appearance background and the conceptual contents involved in the virtual science and technology museum; and it points out the demand of the virtual science and technology museum for the popular science education and the majority of teenagers. It analyzes the characteristics and advantages in different virtual reality techniques; combines with school environment and curriculum contents and uses the desktop virtual reality; and takes the framework and content of developing a desktop virtual astronomical museum for example to further illustrate the significance of constructing the virtual science and technology museum.

Sentiment analysis has gradually become an important content of natural language processing (NLP), and plays an increasingly important role in the fields of system recommendation, user emotion information acquisition, and public opinion reference for governments and enterprises. In the period of comprehensive well-off, the leisure consciousness of Chinese residents has been significantly improved, the income growth has brought about the release of leisure consumption potential, and the time guarantee for leisure has been further enhanced. As the urban public cultural space, the modern Science and Technology Museum bears the diversified spatial functions of knowledge production, cultural empowerment and public welfare. An appropriate range of commercial service supply is an important part of the public policy supply of the Science and Technology Museum. It is very important to understand the emotional tendency of the public for the commercial service of the Science and Technology Museum. Roberta adds a dynamic mask mechanism on the basis of the model Bert, taking a larger amount of pre training data and a larger batch size. This paper introduces a multi-channel mask mechanism on the basis of the Roberta model, and increases the mask ratio, so that the model can learn more levels of emotional information, and the effect on text sentiment analysis is better. Therefore, taking Shanghai Science and Technology Museum as an example, the Roberta model is used to extract and interpret the public perception data of the public comment network, and study the value perception and emotional tendency of the public to the commercial services of the Science and Technology Museum, so as to better guide the Science and Technology Museum to improve the service quality level.

With the advent of the new era of knowledge economy, the development of Science and Technology Museums in China has entered a period of rapid development. However, the one-way and outdated display methods of the existing Science and Technology Museums are difficult to give young people a good tour experience and learning experience. And many intelligent methods are changing and leading the future development of Science and Technology Museums, such as AR technology. This article draws the conclusion that AR technology has a positive impact on the knowledge learning experience of Science and Technology Museums through the method of comparative experiments. At the same time, it provides constructive suggestions for young people in the knowledge learning experience of Science and Technology Museums and the development direction of future Science and Technology Museums.KeywordsScience and Technology MuseumsAR technologyKnowledge learning experience

The Chiba Museum of Science and Technology Eiju Matsumoto (bio) Since the early 1980s, Japanese regional governments have built more than thirty new science and technology museums. The emphasis has been on science education, in the manner of the Exploratorium in San Francisco, and several have been quite successful in pursuing that goal. Unique among these museums is the Chiba Museum of Science and Industry, which opened in 1994, and which in addition to its science center activities devotes substantial floor space to historical exhibits. In this review I shall describe these exhibits briefly, with attention to some of the special problems that Japanese museums face. I shall single out those exhibits that I feel are particularly effective, and offer comments where I think there could be improvement. 1 Chiba prefecture is best known to foreigners as the home of Narita Airport. In spite of its proximity to Tokyo, it has traditionally had a rural [End Page 102] economy. But in the 1950s the regional government began to reclaim land along the shoreline for industrial use and to encourage the establishment of modern industries. In the 1970s development was rapid, and today the prefecture ranks sixth nationally (out of fifty) in per capita income. These circumstances present a special challenge to the museum. It would like to provide a sense of the history of technology from the late nineteenth century to the twentieth, yet the history at hand is barely half a century old. To accomplish this it has relied on reproductions of early generators and a Siemens electric locomotive (built with the kind assistance of the Science Museum in London, the Deutsches Museum, and the Smithsonian Institution) and on photographs. In its treatment of Chiba industries the museum concentrates on three areas: electric power, petroleum, and steel, all modern industries that imply scientific knowledge and substantial capital. The exhibit area devoted to the electric power industry contains a large 1950s turbine rotor from the Chiba thermal power station No. 3 generator and a low-pressure turbine for a 175 kW generator, which is displayed at the entrance on the first floor because of its size (fig. 1). In addition, there is an exhibit of various windmills and a model of an 1897 Siemens electric car. As an introduction to the history of electricity, exhibit text describes the principles and historic significance of static electricity generated by friction and lightning, the voltaic cell, the Pixii generator, the first power station in New York, and the presence of two different power supply frequencies (50 Hz and 60 Hz) in Japan. [End Page 103] Click for larger view View full resolution Figure 1. Low-pressure turbine from the Chiba Thermal Power Station. (Photo courtesy of the Chiba Museum of Science and Industry.) For the petroleum industry, exhibits cover the discovery of petroleum, mass production and mass utilization of petroleum, and the first distillation tower in Chiba prefecture, as well as the ancient utilization of petroleum, Drake cable drilling, Aranbic distillation, continuous distillation, and modern oil refineries and petrochemical plants. These last are exhibited using small models. Iron and steel industry exhibits illustrate processes from the earliest times up to the introduction of the Bessemer converter in the nineteenth century. In addition, there is a 1/10 scale model of the No. 1 blast furnace at the Kawasaki Steel Corporation steel works. This was the first blast furnace installed in Chiba prefecture and had a capacity of 900 tons per day. Exhibit panels explain relics of ancient iron making, Bessemer converters, the Thomas basic converter, and western-style iron making in old Japan. 2 Another section of the museum is devoted to an “Invitation to Advanced Technology.” Within are four exhibition areas, titled “Techniques Supporting Advanced Technology: Realizing an Extreme Environment,” “Electronics: Progress of Electronic Technology,” “Advanced Materials: The Spread of Advanced Materials,” and “Biotechnology: The Growth of Biotechnology.” These exhibits are largely technical in nature, without significant historical content. On the first floor of the museum visitors come upon the “Area Open for Creativity,” where principles of scientific devices are demonstrated through hands-on exhibits. The exhibit techniques employed are diverse, with some borrowed from the Exploratorium and others created by the...

In this chapter, I outline three prominent themes that have emerged in my provenance research in the collections of the Canada Science and Technology Museum (CSTM). First, I explore the role collectors have had on the kinds of histories we collect, preserve, research and display, and the means through which their activities build historical value for a body of preserved materials. Through the history of collectors (many are scientists), we depart from traditional narratives and learn more about their own time, culture, preoccupations and conceptions of science. Second, I look at the historical function of display in the history of museum objects, and their surprisingly long history of being on display, in many cases much longer than their technical use. These display histories tell us much about the nature of scientific communication, culture and identity. Third, I look at the history of scientific replicas and recreations, and their function in making and shaping the history and culture of science. I treat replicas as artifacts from their time of construction, and not just as representations of a previous historical moment.

The Cover Design TILTING AT WINDMILLS ARTHUR P. MOLELLA At the beginning of the 1980s, the Smithsonian Institution’s Na­ tional Museum of History and Technology abruptly shed its original name, a designation that revealed its fundamental kinship with the Deutsches Museum and other national technical museums, to become the National Museum of American History (NMAH). The aim of the change was to repair an uncomfortable split in the museum’s identity, a rift that had evolved between the institution’s science and technol­ ogy departments, on the one hand, and the political and cultural history departments on the other. Example: transportation displays that focused on the technological development of railroads and auto­ mobiles, all but ignoring their effects on American cities and the American landscape. The refurbishing of the museum’s public image involved more than hoisting a banner to cover up an old name with a new one. At one time, it also included bold plans for a general face-lift of the building’s exterior. One such plan is represented by the architect’s sketch on the cover of this issue (fig. 1), showing a cluster of historic and modern windmills, some of them actually pumping water or gen­ erating electricity for the edification of museum visitors. Not shown in the sketch is a complementary treatment of the museum’s east side; there exists a similar architect’s drawing picturing a streamlined railroad locomotive on the lawn adjacent to the transportation hall. The instigator of these transformations was the museum’s newly appointed director, Roger G. Kennedy. When Kennedy announced the new name for the museum soon after his arrival at the Smithso­ nian, many believed that the institution had begun to renege on its original commitment to the history of technology and science. FeedDr . Molella is head of the Department of History and director of the Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innovation at the National Museum of Ameri­ can History. He was Technology and Culture’s book review editor from 1983 through 1987, then an advisory editor until 1993.© 1995 by the Society for the History of Technology. All rights reserved. 0040- 165X/95/3604-0008$01.00 1000 Tilting at Windmills 1001 Fig. 1.—Technology and Culture’s fourteen-year home, the Smithsonian Institution’s National Museum of American History, might have looked something like this archi­ tect’s sketch if a proposed north front featuring a collection of old and new windmills had been accepted. But the only main-entrance change at the start of the 1980s was the museum’s name, which had been the National Museum of History and Technology. (Smithsonian Institution neg. 95-2679.) ing their apprehensions was the new director’s résumé. Unlike most of his predecessors, Kennedy was neither a technology nor science historian, but a banker, lawyer, and foundation officer with a keen avocational interest in the history of architecture.1 Fearing a down­ grading of science and technology, some loyalists of the old Museum of History and Technology went so far as to wage a campaign to restore the original name. Perhaps they were not aware that the same man who had rechristened the museum was simultaneously laying plans for a new institutional billboard giving pride of place to some enormous specimens of technology. Indeed, Kennedy turned out to be a good friend to the history of technology at NMAH. A devotee of architecture, but no fan of the building he found himself occupying, he was eager to experiment 'For a perceptive profile of Kennedy and his vision of the National Museum of American History, see Michael S. Durham, “Keeper of the Attic,” Americana 15 (No­ vember-December 1987): 43-48. 1002 Arthur P. Molella with ways of brightening the museum’s monolithic 1960s-style facade. The story of how windmills and locomotives almost found a home on the plaza of the National Museum of American History goes as follows. In early 1980, Kennedy asked the curatorial staff to submit sugges­ tions for artifacts to replace the fountain and surrounding landscap­ ing in front of the building. He wanted large objects that would lend visual interest to the facade and be suggestive of...