Abstract
ABSTRACT We present a 0.8–2.5 µm spectrum of the very late thermal pulse object V4334 Sgr (Sakurai’s Object), obtained in 2020 September. The spectrum displays a continuum that rises strongly to longer wavelengths, and is considerably brighter than the most recent published spectrum obtained 7 yr earlier. At the longer wavelengths, the continuum is well fitted by a blackbody with a temperature of 624 ± 8 K. However, there is excess continuum at the shortest wavelengths that we interpret as being due to hot dust that has very recently formed in an environment with C/O ≃ 2.5. Other possible sources for this excess continuum are discussed – such as the stellar photosphere dimly seen through the dust shell, and light scattered off the inner wall of the dust torus – but these interpretations seem unlikely. Numerous emission lines are present, including those of He i, C i, [C i], and O i. Our observations confirm that emission in the He i 1.083 µm and [C i] 0.9827/0.9852 µm lines is spatially extended. The [C i] line fluxes suggest that the electron density increased by an order of magnitude between 2013 and 2020, and that these two lines may soon disappear from the spectrum. The flux ratio of the 1.083 and 2.058 µm He i lines is consistent with the previously assumed interstellar extinction. The stellar photosphere remains elusive, and the central star may not be as hot as suggested by current evolutionary models.
Highlights
V4334 Sgr (Sakurai’s Object; hereafter SO) has been widely considered to be the product of a Very Late Thermal Pulse (VLTP) in a low (∼ solar) mass star
The star became carbon-rich in mid-1996 (Eyres et al 1998), and in late 1997 it ejected a carbon-rich dust shell that became optically thick in mid-1998; by the end of that year the dust had completely obscured the central star
We have explored the [L∗, T∗, AV ] parameter space, and guided by the values in Hajduk et al for L∗ and T∗ and reasonable values of AV ; for example, Tyne et al (2002) determined that AV was in the range 8–12 in the period 1999–2001
Summary
V4334 Sgr (Sakurai’s Object; hereafter SO) has been widely considered to be the product of a Very Late Thermal Pulse (VLTP) in a low (∼ solar) mass star. The presence of an optically thick disc, the opacity of which is unknown, clearly renders the determination of the total (interstellar plus circumstellar) reddening somewhat uncertain.
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