V–Ni–Ti multi-phase alloy membranes for hydrogen purification

Abstract

Hydrogen-selective membranes formed from body centred cubic alloys can exhibit very high hydrogen permeability, but are prone to brittle failure due to excessive hydrogen absorption. Until issues associated with this are overcome, these materials will not provide a viable alternative to Pd-based membranes. Multi-phase V–Ni–Ti alloys which contain a significant proportion of a BCC component show promise for this application. In order to examine this system in greater detail, alloys of the general form V 85− x Ti x Ni 15, in which x was varied between 0 and 30 (at.%), were fabricated via arc melting and electrical-discharge wire cutting. Hydrogen permeation measurements of Pd-coated samples at 400 °C showed a monotonic increase in permeability with increasing Ti, reaching a maximum of 1.0 × 10 −7 mol H 2 m −1 s −1 Pa −0.5 for the V 55Ti 30Ni 15 alloy at 400 °C. The driving force for hydrogen transport is provided by hydrogen absorption, which varies non-linearly with Ti content, and is dependent on the volume fraction of BCC phase, and levels of Ti and Ni solution in the BCC phase. Diffusion coefficients of atomic H through the bulk alloys alloys are dependent largely on microstructure. Whereas the V 85Ni 15 alloy forms a single phase microstructure, progressive substitution of V with Ti introduced several minor phases; a NiTi-type phase (formed when x ≥ 5), and a NiTi 2-type phase (formed when x ≥ 10), both as V-containing solid solutions. These minor phases act as barriers to hydrogen diffusion, resulting in a significantly reduced diffusion coefficient compared to single-phase BCC alloys. Importantly, the mechanical stability of these alloys appears to be enhanced by the multi-phase microstructure. These alloys therefore show great promise for meeting future flux, cost and durability targets.