Abstract
Privacy protection and message authentication issues in VANETs have received great attention in academia. Many authentication schemes in VANETs have been proposed, but most of them are based on classical difficult problems such as factorization in RSA setting or Elliptic Curve setting and are therefore not quantum resistant. If a quantum computer becomes available in the next few decades, the security of these schemes will be at stake. This paper presents a vehicular lattice-based direct anonymous attestation (V-LDAA) scheme adopting an optimized signature scheme based on automorphism stability which achieves postquantum security. A distributed pseudonym update and vehicle revocation mechanism based on the lattice is introduced in this paper, which means vehicles can update their pseudonyms and revoke the identity certificate by themselves without the need for pseudonym resolutions or CRLs checking. Compared with the existing lattice-based attestation schemes in VANETs, computation costs during signing and verification operations in V-LDAA are no longer related to the number of users, which makes it suitable for large-scale VANETs. Security analysis shows that V-LDAA resists TPM theft attacks and provides users with user-controlled anonymity, user-controlled unlinkability, and unforgeability against quantum adversaries. Experimental results show that V-LDAA reduces the blind signature size by 18%. The speed of blind signing is increased by 30%, and blind verification operation is accelerated 3 times compared with the existing lattice-based direct anonymous attestation (LDAA) scheme.
Highlights
Introduction e Intelligent TransportationSystem (ITS) provides vehicles with intelligent and efficient services, such as collision avoidance, traffic condition reports, and entertainment services, etc
If a quantum computer becomes available in the few decades, the security of these schemes will be at stake. is paper presents a vehicular lattice-based direct anonymous attestation (V-LDAA) scheme adopting an optimized signature scheme based on automorphism stability which achieves postquantum security
We compare V-LDAA with existing lattice-based authentication schemes in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) in Section 8.1 to measure the advantages of V-LDAA in the scenario of the Internet of Vehicles
Summary
Research studies on authentication schemes mainly focused on the following aspects. e first is based on a symmetric key mechanism [2]. e sender uses a shared key to generate the message authentication code (MAC), while the receiver verifies it before accepting the message. E second is an identity-based encryption system [3, 4], where the trusted authority is responsible for the generation and distribution of public and private key pairs for legitimate members Under this mechanism, the adversary can obtain the user’s real identity from the signature and track the signature. E VPKIs scheme can meet the anonymity property and provide a pseudonym mechanism, but there are still many shortcomings In this scheme, the security risk and computation burden are caused by different pseudonym update strategies. In the lattice-based ring signature scheme, each member needs to use its private key and the public keys of all other members to sign the message, and the members in a ring need to change with the specific driving position of the vehicle. LDAA becomes an interesting candidate for the postquantum secure authentication protocol in VANETs because of its balance in authentication and anonymity
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