Abstract
Agricultural drought is crucial in understanding the relationship to crop production functions which can be monitored using satellite remote sensors. The aim of this research is to combine temperature vegetation dryness index (TVDI) and normalized difference water index (NDWI) classifications for identifying drought areas in Chuping, Malaysia which has regularly recorded high temperatures. TVDI and NDWI are assessed using three images of the dry spell period in March for the years 2015, 2016 and 2017. NDWI value representing water content in vegetation decreases numerically to −0.39, −0.37 and −0.36 for the year 2015, 2016 and 2017. Normalized difference vegetation indices (NDVI) values representing vegetation health status in the given area for images of years 2015 to 2017 decreases significantly (p ≤ 0.05) from 0.50 to 0.35 respectively. Overall, TVDI in the Chuping area showed agricultural drought with an average value of 0.46. However, Kilang Gula Chuping area in Chuping showed a significant increase in dryness for all of the three years assessed with an average value of 0.70. When both TVDI and NDWI were assessed, significant clustering of spots in Chuping, Perlis for all the 3 years was identified where geographical local regressions of 0.84, 0.70 and 0.70 for the years 2015, 2016 and 2017 was determined. Furthermore, Moran’s I values revealed that the research area had a high I value of 0.63, 0.30 and 0.23 with respective Z scores of 17.80, 8.63 and 6.77 for the years 2015, 2016 and 2017, indicating that the cluster relationship is significant in the 95–99 percent confidence interval. Using both indices alone was sufficient to understand the drier spots of Chuping over 3 years. The findings of this research will be of interest to local agriculture authorities, like plantation and meteorology departments to understand drier areas in the state to evaluate water deficits severity and cloud seeding points during drought.
Highlights
Drought in agriculture occurs when there is insufficient water available for a specific crop to grow at a specific time
Low normalized difference water index (NDWI) values indicate low vegetation water content and the NDWI rate decreases during periods of water stress [68]
This study has intended to identify the extent of agricultural drought over the Chuping, Perlis area using satellite-borne remote sensing data based on temperature vegetation dryness index (TVDI) and NDWI
Summary
Drought in agriculture occurs when there is insufficient water available for a specific crop to grow at a specific time. Agricultural drought typically happens after meteorological drought, an indication of dropped rainfall, but before a hydrological drought, in which river, lake and reservoir water level decline. Drought in agriculture is dependent on the amount of rainfall, and on how efficiently the available water was utilized. The impacts of drought in irrigated areas are normally less severe since water supplies in reservoirs are restricted. In non-irrigated areas, crops depend heavily on precipitation. If the precipitation rates are reduced, crops will suffer from water scarcity. In such conditions and circumstances, drought stress is the most common environmental factor limiting crop productivity. It is reported that the frequency of severe drought conditions is increasing in accordance with global climate change [2]
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