Utilizing the HSVC of the micro hydro power plant to improve frequency stability response

Over the last few years, the number of grid-connected photovoltaic systems (GCPVS) has expanded substantially. The increase in GCPVS integration may lead to operational issues for the grid. Thus, modern GCPVS control mechanisms should be used to improve grid efficiency, reliability, and stability. In terms of frequency stability, conventional generating units usually have a governor control that regulates the primary load frequency in cases of imbalance situations. This control should be activated immediately to avoid a significant frequency variation. Recently, renewable distribution generators such as PV power plants (PVPPs) are steadily replacing conventional generators. However, these generators do not contribute to system inertia or frequency stability. This paper proposes a control strategy for a GCPVS with active power control (APC) to support the grid and frequency stability. The APC enables the PVPP to withstand grid disturbances and maintain frequency within a normal range. As a result, PVPP is forced to behave similar to traditional power plants to achieve frequency steadiness stability. Frequency stability can be achieved by reducing the active power output fed into the grid as the frequency increases. Additionally, to maintain power balance on both sides of the inverter, the PV system will produce the maximum amount of active power achievable based on the frequency deviation and the grid inverter’s rating by working in two modes: normal and APC (disturbance). In this study, a large-scale PVPP linked to the utility grid at the MV level was modeled in MATLAB/Simulink with a nominal rated peak output of 2000 kW. Analyses of the suggested PVPP’s dynamic response under various frequency disturbances were performed. In this context, the developed control reduced active power by 4%, 24%, and 44% when the frequency climbed to 50.3 Hz, 50.8 Hz, and 51.3 Hz, respectively, and so stabilized the frequency in the normal range, according to grid-code requirements. However, if the frequency exceeds 51.5 Hz or falls below 47.5 Hz, the PVPP disconnects from the grid for safety reasons. Additionally, the APC forced the PVPP to feed the grid with its full capacity generated (2000 kW) at normal frequency. In sum, the large-scale PVPP is connected to the electrical grid provided with APC capability has been built. The system’s capability to safely ride through frequency deviations during grid disturbances and resume initial conditions was achieved and improved. The simulation results show that the given APC is effective, dependable, and suitable for deployment in GCPVS.

This paper investigates the changing nature of frequency stability problem in wind-rich power systems. The published studies on frequency stability with wind power generation have mainly used simple power system models and frequency nadir as the metric. This approach is not sufficient to characterise the impact on frequency stability with wind power generation. In this study, active power vs. frequency response characteristics is used to evaluate the frequency stability of a large power system. A systematic methodology is followed to investigate the frequency stability with high wind power generation based on the doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) technology. Therefore, steady-state system parameters, such as active and reactive power generation and terminal voltages are maintained constant when integrating DFIG wind farms into the network. The results show that the integration of DFIGs with inertia and active power controls has two significant positive effects in the frequency arresting period. Firstly, with the DFIG wind generation, power system can regulate frequency in the fast-transient period of the frequency regulation dynamics which was not possible with the synchronous generator. Secondly, the total deceleration torque of the system has decreased due to the fast and the improved response of DFIGs which ultimately leads to improved frequency stability as it reduces the maximum frequency drop. Therefore, integrating DFIG wind farms with appropriate controls would improve power system frequency stability.

The virtual synchronous generator (VSG) is emerging as a promising candidate for replacing synchronous generators in more-electronics power systems. Its fundamental objective lies in the regulation of active and reactive power for voltage forming and frequency control. To achieve tight power regulation, VSGs usually have closed-loop active power and reactive power controls. However, this paper reveals that the coupling effect between the active power control and the reactive power control will greatly change the synchronous stability of a VSG. Specifically, the maximum transferred active power and its associated power angle are reduced because of the coupling effect. To quantify this effect, a small-signal model of a grid-tied VSG is constructed, based on which the critical operation point is further analyzed. The power angle curve of VSGs with fixed reactive power output is compared with that of VSGs with constant output voltage amplitude. Finally, the effect of reactive power droop control in increasing the stable operation region is investigated in this paper.

Stability of frequency and voltage of micro hydro power plant (MHPP) are influenced by sufficiency of active power and reactive power respectively in handling load power. These powers are normally controlled by Electronic Load Controller (ELC) and Voltage Source Inverter (VSI), respectively. VSI is specifically added to compensate reactive power caused by inductive load. The objective of the study is to control active power and reactive power in MHPP system against the changes in load power through the improvement of ELC and VSI output responses by applying Fuzzy-PI controller. ELC applied Fuzzy-PI controller to obtain more precise TRIAC ignition angle to meet a suitable active power to balance the load power. While VSI implemented Fuzzy-PI controller to meet a precise reactive power needed to oppose inductive load power. Capability of Fuzzy-PI controller in improving ELC and VSI performance were assessed by using Matlab in complete MHPP model. Assessments on the proposed controller indicate that it was effective in improving the performance of both ELC and VSI. By applying Fuzzy-PI controller on ELC, a precise ignition angle of TRIAC stimulated a more precise ballast load to balance active power against the load power. While the addition of Fuzzy-PI controller on VSI produced more suitable reactive power to compensate for the inductive load presence. With a more stable frequency and voltage against changes in load power, the power quality of the MHPP also improve.

One of the main problems in the area of frequency control is providing proper dynamics of frequency and active power deviation. The paper deals with analysis of the frequency and active power deviation dynamics during turbine governor action. For providing effective frequency control dynamic characteristics of governors should be very similar. The authors suggest a new method for control of the output power of generators using a necessary dynamic law. It allows ensuring frequency and active power control in a mode, adaptive to the operational conditions. Developed dynamic model was used for analysis of frequency and active power behavior during disturbances in the power system. Results of mathematical modeling were compared with the field tests carried out at the hydro power plant. Field tests proved effectiveness of suggested new control method.

This paper focuses on the analysis of frequency stability in an autonomous microgrid (MG) with renewable energy sources (RES), mainly wind power. Frequency control is directly related to the active power balance in the system. When RES are involved the generated active power is difficult to predict, and may have fluctuations mainly in the case of wind power plants. Therefore, the autonomous MGs have to be able to manage fast the active power flow, even when the generated power is less than the loads demand. This paper investigates a new control solution for maintaining the frequency stability in the MG, by using a combination of an energy storage system and a dump load. The solution is evaluated by experimental results.

Results of a techno-economic feasibility evaluation of some micro-hydro power (MHP) plants being planned and implemented for remote village power supply in the state of Uttaranchal in India are presented. The capital cost of MHP plants in the capacity range of 20–100 kW (including cost of local transmission and distribution system), investment requirement per unit of rated capacity, and relative cost of different components of MHP plants have been analysed. Unit cost of delivered electricity from the MHP plants has been estimated. Discounted payback period, benefit–cost ratio, net present value and internal rate of return for an MHP plant have also been determined. Breakeven values for useful life, plant load factor, and unit cost of electricity to the user for the same MHP plant have also been estimated.

With the penetration level of wind power into the gird continuously increasing, the impact of wind farms on dynamic stability of power systems is significantly highlighted. It is necessary for grid-connected wind farms to provide ancillary services, such as active power control, frequency regulation and damping control. Currently, most of the published papers have already studied the virtual inertia control and its effects on improving the stability of system frequency and small-signal stability. A frequency control loop is added to the active power control system of wind farms, which can be utilized to make wind farms have the ability of fast response to system frequency deviation following the appearance of the power imbalance, thus increasing the stability of system frequency. This paper summarizes the influencing characteristics of different virtual inertia control strategies, various control parameters and their effects on system small-signal stability and torsional oscillations. Furthermore, the control architecture, designing of the controller and integrated methodology with damping control are deeply studied. The research hotspots of virtual inertia control and its development trends are introduced. This paper also presents some issues to be researched in the near future.

Clean water or fresh water, food and energy are basic human needs. The three basic needs are dependent to one another. The relationship between the three is called the "The nexus of Water, Energy, and Food". It requires good governance on watershed which will be implemented for example to manage water resources to fulfil demand of clean or drinking water, irrigation in food area and energy sources in hydro power plant. This study conducted analysis and simulation to prepare projection of electricity produced by Micro hydro Power Plant (MHP) It integrates a climate change scenarios to forecast its influence on electricity demand and response of river. In addition, the study also presented projections of influence on irrigated food production scenario in irrigation for rice paddy fields. Projection of The MHP electricity and the water demand including for the food sector is conducted by using the WEAP (Water Evaluation and Planning) software, while electricity demand forecast is conducted by applying the LEAP (Long-Range Energy Alternatives Planning) software. The case studies in this study conducted in river flows Bayang’s River. On the river there are three operating MHPs: The Muaro Aie MHP (ity30 kW of installed capac), The Koto Ranah MHP (30 kW) and The Pancuang Taba MHP (40 kW). The LEAP simulation projected electricity demand for Pesisir Selatan until 2025. Demand for South Pesisir Regency up to 2025 is predicted to reach 226.4 GWh with growth of 11.2% per year in BAU scenario, while reach 113.7 GWh with a 5% annual growth in efficiency scenario. The WEAP provided projected electricity production of MHP, basic water needs and irrigation needs for paddy fields in District IV Nagari Bayang Utara until 2025. The MHP electricity production in final year of projection with BAU scenario reaches 0.88 GWh, while with a climate change scenario of 0.63 GWh. The electricity demand fulfilled by MHP is predicted to be 0.39% in the BAU scenario, 0.28% in climate change scenarios, and 0.55% in the electricity savings scenario. Of the three MHP, the MHP Pancuang Taba is the most vulnerable to climate change, while MHP Koto Ranah shows relatively lower fluctuation. The highest staple water requirement is for Pancuang Taba which is 3643.4 thousand m3. The growth of staple water needs until 2025 tends to be constant. and most rice irrigation needs are in agriculture 2 of 976 thousand m3. The growth of irrigation needs of Bayang watershed until 2025 tends to be constant. Most irrigation needs for paddy fields are in irrigation area of “Agriculture 2” reaching 976,000 m3. The growth of irrigation needs in Bayang watershed tends to be constant.

A micro hydro power plant (MHPP) is a small-scale power plant that converts the potential energy of the air into mechanical work, turning turbines and generators to generate electrical power. Small scale, which is around 0-100 kW. The construction of a Micro-hydro Power Plant (MHPP) is an alternative supply of electrical energy, especially in rural areas that are not covered by the electricity grid State Power Plant. MHPP has a high potential as an alternative to renewable energy sources. Thus, the reliability of the system built is a must forget quality electricity. In a power plant, what is considered is the stability of the output voltage generated by the generator; this is necessary to keep the consumer's equipment from being damaged. Unstable voltage can also Age-reduce equipment (lifetime) owned by consumers.
 Keywords: Micro Hydro Power Plant 2; Alternative, 3; Electric Power

This paper proposes a novel voltage control method for cooperative-autonomous switching control. In power systems, the presence of a large number of photovoltaic (PV) systems in a small district leads to deviations in voltage from the upper limit of the specified voltage range. Autonomous active power control leads to inequalities of the PV generation power on the same distribution line. Cooperative active power control improves the inequality, whereas the power is significantly curtailed. In this paper, the proposed method is based on the setting of a reference value to decrease the curtailment power of cooperative active power control, which will decrease the curtailment power. The control method will be changed to autonomous active power control when the curtailment power reaches a predetermined reference value. Several computer simulations have been performed on the distribution line in order to test the performance of cooperative-autonomous switching control. The total energy of the proposed method increases to 13.71 kWh compared to cooperative active power and cooperative reactive power control. The maximum PV energy disparity decreases to 1.38 kWh compared to that of autonomous active power and cooperative reactive power control.

Microhydro power plant (MPP) is a small-scale power plant that uses water energy. The process of energy change occurs in a device called a synchronous generator. when the synchronous generator is given an arbitrary load, then the voltage will change. These results cause voltage and frequency instability. This research was conducted to analyze the voltage and frequency instability in MPP. The research method used in this research is descriptive quantitative approach in the village of Soko Kembang, Petungkriyono District, Pekalongan Regency, Central Java. This study provides an overview and explanation of the problems regarding the voltage and frequency instability of Micro Hydro Power Plants. The results of this study are the highest and lowest voltage / frequency instability values, namely 235 volts / 51 Hz and 160 volts / 44 Hz, due to the influence of changes in load current, which can affect the rotational speed of the generator changes, resulting in unstable voltage and frequency generated by the generator, the rotational speed of the generator changes, resulting in unstable voltage and frequency generated by the generator. The solution is add water power to rotate the shaft of the turbine and generator to be tighter, so that it can reduce the value of the decrease in electric power by losses to the turbine and generator. Large electric power can increase voltage and frequency without having to adjust the load, and the need for improvement of the ELC system in order to get a more effective value of voltage and frequency stability.

Grid-forming wind turbines (GFM-WTs) based on virtual synchronous control can support the voltage and frequency of power system by emulating the synchronous generator. The dynamic characteristics of a GFM-WT decided by virtual synchronous control, dq-axis voltage, and current control is significant for small-signal stability analysis. This paper builds a small-signal model of a GFM-WT in active power control (APC) and DC voltage control (DVC) timescale from the perspective of internal voltage. The proposed model describes how the magnitude and phase of the internal voltage are excited by the unbalanced active and reactive power when small disturbances occur. Interactions in different control loops can be identified by the reduced order model. We verify the accuracy of the proposed model in APC and DVC timescales by time domain simulations based on MATLAB/Simulink. Case studies show how the control parameters interact with each other in the two timescales.

Wind power participating in frequency control with reserve capacity is an inevitable requirement for the system with a high proportion of wind power in the future. The existing reserve allocation methods, which consider the wind farm frequency control with reserve often only considered the economy or efficiency of the wind farm to set reserve capacity in fixed percentage, failed to follow the principle of optimal system efficiency and cannot optimize the system frequency regulation economy and frequency stability at the same time. The proposed method from the perspective of the system allocates reserve capacity among wind power, thermal power, and hydropower, who participate in system frequency control. Multi-objective chance constrained programming takes the economy and frequency stability as the optimization objectives. A rolling optimization method of reserve capacity is carried out periodically according to fluctuating wind power and load, making the calculation results in real time. A hybrid intelligent algorithm is adopted to improve the calculation efficiency. The simulation in the IEEE 39-bus test network shows that the proposed method can effectively improve the frequency control effect and system economy. Compared with the reserve allocation method considering wind farm participating in frequency control with reserve capacity in fixed percentage, the proposal can at most reduce the RoCoF by 9.5%, the maximum frequency deviation by 4.3%, and the steady-state frequency deviation by 4.1%, and when the system frequency stability is the only objective, at most 79.4% coal consumption reserve cost in the system can be saved.

Nowadays, direct media use in learning energy is rarely found. Therefore, the authors intended to design a mini micro-hydro power plant (MHPP) in order to give direct experiences to students. This study generally aims to develop a mini MHPP consisting of equipment design, component selection, and the MHPP assembly. A test on discharge, heights, and produced power is then conducted. The data acquired are then analyzed in terms of either Pteotirik or Preal power using a predetermined equation. An analysis to the factors influencing the P values is then carried out. The power input of resulted from the water discharge management is 35.64 mW, while that of the power output is 9,61 mW. The efficiency of the MHPP set is by 26.96% which is considered quite low due to such factors as turbine blades, penstock pipes, generators, and the shift from water potential energy to other types of energies which is inevitable. It is expected that the developed mini MHPP is applicable as practicum learning media giving a lot of such learning experiences to students as to identify how hydroelectric power plant is, how the water energy shifts into electric energy, how high the electricity produced is, and to analyze factors influencing how high and low the electricity produced by a power plant.