Abstract
The use of needle felted nonwoven from textile wastes over the sand surface is a new era in slow sand filtration. It increases the run length by 72%, and also leads to no need for the large depth of the sand which means a great cost reduction because of the very little sand wasted when cleaning the textile layer. The fabric showed high efficiency and durability when used for several times. There was no significant change in fabric characteristics. On the other hand, the fabric material polyester caused no deterioration to the filtered water quality.
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