Abstract
There has been a significant movement in the past decades to develop alternative sustainable building material such as geopolymer cement/concrete to control CO2 emission. Industrial waste contains pozzolanic minerals that fulfil requirements to develop the sustainable material such as alumino-silicate based geopolymer. For example, industrial waste such as red mud, fly ash, GBFS/GGBS (granulated blast furnace slag/ground granulated blast furnace slag), rice husk ash (RHA), and bagasse ash consist of minerals that contribute to the manufacturing of geopolymer cement/concrete. A literature review was carried out to study the different industrial waste/by-products and their chemical composition, which is vital for producing geopolymer cement, and to discuss the mechanical properties of geopolymer cement/concrete manufactured using different industrial waste/by-products. The durability, financial benefits and sustainability aspects of geopolymer cement/concrete have been highlighted. As per the experimental results from the literature, the cited industrial waste has been successfully utilized for the synthesis of dry or wet geopolymers. The review revealed that that the use of fly ash, GBFS/GGBS and RHA in geopolymer concrete resulted high compressive strength (i.e., 50 MPa–70 MPa). For high strength (>70 MPa) achievement, most of the slag and ash-based geopolymer cement/concrete in synergy with nano processed waste have shown good mechanical properties and environmental resistant. The alkali-activated geopolymer slag, red mud and fly ash based geopolymer binders give a better durability performance compared with other industrial waste. Based on the sustainability indicators, most of the geopolymers developed using the industrial waste have a positive impact on the environment, society and economy.
Highlights
It is a well-known fact that, in every construction activity, cement plays a key role as a pozzolanic binder
It is observed that mud and metakaolin based geopolymer was calculated up to 87%, which was found the ratio for the chemical compound, i.e., SiO2 /Al2 O3 > 2.5, shows promising strength chemically suitable for making red mud–metakaolin based geopolymer
It was noted that the fly ash based geopolymer concrete showed 30% less embodied energy for 1 m3 of production
Summary
It is a well-known fact that, in every construction activity, cement plays a key role as a pozzolanic binder. Sir Joseph Davidovits, strong alkalis such as NaOH (sodium hydroxide) and KOH (potassium hydroxide) are efficient to carry dissolving reaction for silica (SiO2 ) and alumina (Al2 O3 ) to form alumino-silicates [4] This reaction is Sustainability 2021, 13, 873. Steel industrial waste has an abundance of calcium and silica minerals, which are the key minerals required for making different silicates of calcium and their mineralogical calcium silicate phases [6,7] Biomass waste such as rice husk and bagasse can be converted into ashes, which show approximately 80–90% of silica in amorphous form. The utilization of the aforementioned industrial waste to develop geopolymer concrete/cement has a significant positive impact on the environment, society, and economy In this case, it is vital to identify the key indicators (i.e., environmental, social and economic indicators) for sustainable building materials. The change in molar centration from 3 M to 3.5 M caused an extensive increase in the strength of materials, concentration from fromalmost
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