Abstract

PURPOSE: In the United States, standards for hemodynamic monitoring of patients with shock have changed. The once ubiquitous ‘Swan’ has lost favor thereby leaving only MAP, CVP, lactate and SvO2 measurements readily available. Various devices provide functional hemodynamic monitoring, although, their use remains sporadic secondary to mixed acceptance of the technology and expense. Intensivist-performed, goal-directed echocardiography can evaluate discrete elements of cardiac function, however, widespread use is limited by equipment and training requirements.

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