Utilization of Eggshell Membrane and Olive Leaf Extract for the Preparation of Functional Materials.

Oguz Bayraktar,Charis M Galanakis,Turki M S Aldawoud,Salam A Ibrahim,Mehmet Emin Uslu,Merve Deniz Köse

doi:10.3390/foods10040806

Abstract

Eggshell membrane (ESM) is a natural proteinaceous by-product of the food industry, especially in the pasteurized egg industry, resulting in the availability of much discarded egg waste. In the literature, eggshell (ES) and ESM usage for their adsorbent properties to remove various organic and inorganic hazardous chemicals, especially from wastewater, has gained interest. In addition, agricultural (olive leaf) and food industry (eggshell and eggshell membrane) waste can together be valorized to produce value-added functional products. This study’s objective was to evaluate the eggshell membrane’s loading capacity for bioactive compounds obtained from olive leaf extract (OLE) in order to prepare functional biomaterial. In this study, waste eggshell membranes were used to adsorb the phenolic compounds from olive leaf extract to design functional biomaterials. Using the foam separation method, both separation of the eggshell membrane and adsorption of bioactive compounds to the eggshell membrane were achieved simultaneously. The characterization studies showed that OLE was successfully adsorbed to the eggshell membrane. Cytotoxicity and antimicrobial studies showed that prepared OLE-loaded membranes were functional materials with bioactive properties. In conclusion, ESM was determined as a promising protein in the production of functional antioxidative and antimicrobial food or dietary supplement after the adsorption of bioactive olive leaf polyphenols.

Highlights

The eggshell membrane (ESM) is a part of the egg that contains particular essential and widely used nutrients
For the effective separation of the eggshell membrane during the foam separation process, particle size analysis of eggshell waste was performed as the histogram, relative percentage distribution, and cumulative percentage distribution
Different average eggshell waste sizes were chosen to be used in the foam separation set-up to separate the eggshell membrane from the eggshell

Summary

Introduction

The eggshell membrane (ESM) is a part of the egg that contains particular essential and widely used nutrients. The utility of ESM, together with eggshell (ES), has long been underestimated because it was considered waste material. Despite its fascinating structure and unique properties, most eggshell waste is discarded without further processing by being sent to a landfill, at a high cost per ton depending on the landfill location [1,2]. Due to valuable organic and inorganic components present in the eggshell, this waste can be utilized to prepare value-added functional products [3,4]. The economic burden of the eggshell waste disposal and the adsorption properties of the eggshell membrane have created significant interest in the utilization of the eggshell waste for the preparation of functional materials. The components of eggshell waste can be classified into two main groups: the inorganic part, comprising the calcified eggshell made

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