Abstract
In this study, Volvariella volvacea (VV) mushroom was utilized as a green carbon precursor to synthesize carbon dots (CDs) and applied as a fluorescent (FL) sensor to detect Fe3+ and Pb2+ ions. The VV-CDs showed a high photostability and FL properties with a quantum yield of about 11.5%. The VV-CDs exhibited an excitation-dependent emission manner, with an optimum emission wavelength at 440 nm excited at 360 nm. The VV-CDs were evaluated and shown to be facile and effective FL sensors for detecting Pb2+ and Fe3+ ions based on the FL quenching efficiency, demonstrating the special complex chelate between the metal ions and effective surface functional groups of VV-CDs. VV-CDs displayed high responses to Fe3+ and Pb2+ ions, with the linear relationship of 1-100 μM and limits of detection (LODs) of 12 and 16 nM for Pb2+ and Fe3+ ions, respectively. Furthermore, the FL sensor was validated with real water samples, showing very good spike recoveries.
Highlights
The pollution caused by heavy metals has become a critical threat to human health and the environment
The biomolecules contained in natural carbon precursors transform into carbon dots (CDs) particles that may proceed with the step of dehydration, dehydration, polymerization, and[25]
The quality of VV-CDs was explored by observing their FL emission spectra as the parameter
Summary
The pollution caused by heavy metals has become a critical threat to human health and the environment. Pb2+ has been found to be accumulated in human cardiovascular and nervous systems after being exposed to contaminated water and air sources because of its non-biodegradability [3] Both metal ions can lead to severe diseases, including hemochromatosis, arthritis, anemia, diabetes, cancer, heart failure, hepatitis, mental retardation, brain damage, developmental disorders, neurological disorders, and cardiovascular disorders [4,5,6,7,8]. It is still necessary to develop simple synthetic and application procedures for CDs in order to detect heavy metal ions. This is the first report on the synthesis and application of CDs derived from VV mushroom for detecting Fe3+ and Pb2+ ions. The VV-CDs were applied in real water samples, which showed a very good result of spiked recoveries
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