Abstract
Paddles and fins are used during swim training and practice as tools for improving performance. The use of these equipment can alter physiological and kinematic parameters of swimming. The purpose of this literature review was to present and discussthe effects of paddles and fins on kinematic and physiological variables in front crawl,and provide update on the topic for teachers, researchers, coaches and swimmers. Thirty articles were reviewed. To crawl, paddles can change the averages of stroke length and stroke rate, the average swimming speed, the absolute duration of the stroke phases and the index of coordination. Fins can modify the average stroke rate, the average swimming speed, the kick frequency and deep, and the energy cost. We found no studies that verified the longitudinal effects of the use of paddles and fins on these parameters.
Highlights
The main goal of the training process in competitive swimming is to increase swimming velocity
Such equipment are used to increase the propulsive force of the swimmers by increasing the water volume displaced during underwater stroke phases
Considering the studies analyzed, we conclude that paddles cause major changes in the average stroke length, the average stroke rate, the average swimming velocity, the index of coordination and duration of the stroke phases, they do not modify the blood lactate levels in similar velocity
Summary
The main goal of the training process in competitive swimming is to increase swimming velocity. According to the first law of motion, any change of this parameter will only occur through the action of a force on the body (at rest or in motion). It is extremely important to know the forces acting on body during the sport movement. There are basically four forces to be considered: (1) weight, (2) buoyant, (3) drag and (4) propulsion. There are translations and rotations due to the cyclical movements of the legs, arms, head and trunk, the main motion of the center of mass occurs along the longitudinal axis of the swimmer’s body, i.e., parallel to pool lanes[1]. There is a greater interest on drag and propulsion forces
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