Utility of dry load injection for an efficient natural products isolation at the semi-preparative chromatographic scale

Abstract

Semi-preparative HPLC is one of the main techniques used for the purification of natural products (NPs). Generally, the sample has to be solubilized in organic solvent and injected on column through a loop valve. Since the solubility of crude natural extracts is often limited, a high solvent volume is needed for injection. This significantly compromises the resolution and increases the risk of overpressure in the system. To overcome this problem, a dry load injection procedure was developed to ensure optimum resolution even at high sample loading. The approach was first validated with a representative mixture of NPs standards, and successfully applied to two representative crude plant extracts: the dichloromethane extract of Annacardium occidentale and the methanolic extract of Hypericum perforatum. In all cases, the dry loading injection setup enabled an efficient introduction of the samples in the semi-preparative HPLC system. Different overload conditions of the columns were tested and the results demonstrated the robustness of the method and the possibility of applying it with a limited loss of resolution compared to liquid injection and without increasing pressure. The chromatographic resolutions were close to those obtained at the analytical level and separation were of much better quality when compared to liquid injection. This approach is especially relevant when purifying compounds isolated with high resolution from extracts that are poorly soluble in low volume of injection solvent due to the presence of lipophilic compounds and are thus not compatible for loop injection in typical reversed phase conditions. In addition, the dry load setup was also found to be useful when relatively polar components have to be separated in reversed phase conditions. In this case, loop injection with methanol generates strong peak distortion and broadening, while the dry load injection affords symmetrical peaks.