Uterus transplantation: ethical considerations.

Abstract

Uterus transplantation (Utx) offers women with absolute uterine factor infertility the opportunity to carry their own pregnancies. As Utx transitions from an experimental to standard clinical procedure, we review the status of the ethical issues applicable to the stakeholders involved. With more than 65 Utx procedures reported to date, evidence is accruing that enables the chance of success - a live birth - for the recipient to be weighed against the risks the recipient incurs through the Utx process, as well as risks to living donors undergoing surgery, to children exposed in utero to immunosuppressants and the uterine graft environment, and to third parties related to uterus procurement from multiorgan deceased donors. Experience has also informed aspects of recipient and donor autonomy that must be safeguarded. Clinical trial results provides a basis for weighing the interests of the stakeholders implicated in Utx, and so can inform transplant centers' and regulatory bodies' development of policies and protocols that will determine access to Utx and allocation of organs, together with other considerations of justice. Additional evidence, particularly on long-term outcomes, is needed, and new questions can be expected to arise as access to and indications for Utx broaden.