Abstract
Using Umbrella Arch Method in Design of Tunnel Lining, Case Study: Water Transfer Tunnel of Kani-sib, Urmia lake
Highlights
Aksoy and Onargan investigated the effect of umbrella arch and face bolts on the surface subsidence in the populated area of Izmir, Turkey
The umbrella arch method used in access tunneling is of forepoling type, which is modelled using numerical finite difference method and FLAC3D software
The FLAC3D software is a 3D version of the FLAC software, which allows the user to model different structures in 3D, allowing for more accurate answers
Summary
Ground freezing, pipe jacking and jet grouting. The tunnel construction causes changes in ground stress, as well as strains and displacements. Aksoy and Onargan investigated the effect of umbrella arch and face bolts on the surface subsidence in the populated area of Izmir, Turkey Their method is the use of in situ measurements and three-dimensional finite element numerical methods[2]. By using threedimensional numerical modeling in ABAQUS finite element software, Palasi and Moravatdar [27], investigated the effect of pipe length on reducing the tunnel subsidence and determined that choosing the optimal length, about one and a half times the size of the tunnel diameter, subsidence values are further reduced Hashemi and Kamali [28], experimentally and numerically studied the behavior and performance of umbrella arch techniques on reinforcing tunnels and presented the most recent achievements in the design, implementation, and analysis of this method. The Sakura hazard level curve as well as the tunnel convergence curves were used to verify the results obtained from the numerical model
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