Abstract
BackgroundPlacenta praevia refers to a placenta located in the lower segment of the uterus. This abnormal location predisposes the placenta to abnormal bleeding with an increased risk of premature labour. The merits of tocolytic drugs (tocolysis) to calm uterine contractions and prolong pregnancy in women with placenta praevia are uncertain.ObjectivesThe primary objective is to determine the effects of tocolysis versus no tocolysis on pregnancy prolongation. Secondary objectives include to determining the effects of tocolysis versus no tocolysis on gestational age at delivery, maternal hospitalisations, recurrent vaginal bleeding, prematurity, admissions into neonatology, and perinatal deaths.MethodsWe searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, reference lists of pertinent articles and trial registries for randomised controlled trials comparing tocolysis to no tocolysis or placebo in patients with placenta praevia. Risk of bias and data extraction was done independently by two reviewers. We pooled data using a random-effects model. We used the GRADE system to assess the certainty of evidence for each outcome.Main resultsThere is no significant difference in pregnancy prolongation with the use of tocolysis in cases of placenta praevia (mean difference [MD] 11.51 days; 95% CI, − 1.75, 24.76; 3 trials, 253 participants; low certainty evidence). Tocolysis has no significant effect on gestational age at delivery (MD 0.33 weeks [95% CI − 1.53, 2.19]: 2 trials, 169 participants, moderate certainty evidence), birthweight (MD 0.12 kg [95% CI − 0.26, 0.5 kg]: 2 trials, 169 participants, moderate certainty evidence), risk of premature delivery (risk ratio [RR] 1.04; 95% CI 0.56, 1.94): 2 trials, 169 participants, low certainty evidence), risk of repeat vaginal bleeding (RR 1.05 [95% CI 0.73, 1.51]: 2 trials, 169 participants, moderate certainty evidence). Tocolysis has no significant effect on the risk of perinatal death (risk difference [RD]: 0.00 [95% CI − 0.04, 0.03]: 2 trials, 169 women; low certainty evidence), number of days of maternal hospitalisation (MD 0.60 days [95% CI − 0.79, 1.99]: 1 trial, 109 women; low certainty evidence), risk of fetal admissions into neonatology (RR 1.30 [95% CI 0.80, 2.12]: 1 trial, 109 participants, low certainty evidence) and on the duration of stay in neonatology units (MD 0.70 days [95% CI − 5.26, 6.66]: 1 trial, 109 participants, low certainty evidence).ConclusionIn women with symptomatic placenta praevia, there is no significant effect on pregnancy prolongation with the use of tocolysis. Tocolysis has no significant effect on other prenatal, perinatal, neonatal and maternal outcomes among women with symptomatic placenta praevia.Systematic review registrationPROSPERO CRD42018091513
Highlights
Placenta praevia refers to a placenta located in the lower segment of the uterus
Tocolysis has no significant effect on gestational age at delivery (MD 0.33 weeks [95% Confidence interval (CI) − 1.53, 2.19]: 2 trials, 169 participants, moderate certainty evidence), birthweight (MD 0.12 kg [95% CI − 0.26, 0.5 kg]: 2 trials, 169 participants, moderate certainty evidence), risk of premature delivery: 2 trials, 169 participants, low certainty evidence), risk of repeat vaginal bleeding (RR 1.05 [95% CI 0.73, 1.51]: 2 trials, 169 participants, moderate certainty evidence)
Tocolysis has no significant effect on the risk of perinatal death, number of days of maternal hospitalisation (MD 0.60 days [95% CI − 0.79, 1.99]: 1 trial, 109 women; low certainty evidence), risk of fetal admissions into neonatology (RR 1.30 [95% CI 0.80, 2.12]: 1 trial, 109 participants, low certainty evidence) and on the duration of stay in neonatology units (MD 0.70 days [95% CI − 5.26, 6.66]: 1 trial, 109 participants, low certainty evidence)
Summary
Placenta praevia refers to a placenta located in the lower segment of the uterus This abnormal location predisposes the placenta to abnormal bleeding with an increased risk of premature labour. Description of the condition Placenta praevia is a clinical condition in pregnancy in which the placenta is implanted on or near the internal os of the uterine cervix [1]. Given this unusually low implantation of the placenta in the uterus, there is a risk of severe or repeated vaginal bleeding before delivery. Fetal consequences of placenta praevia include severe prematurity leading to increased perinatal mortality [4]. The maternal consequences of placenta praevia include maternal death, with a maternal mortality rate of 0.03% in developed countries [7]
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