Abstract
Travel in avalanche terrain requires considered and careful selection of appropriate terrain to reduce exposure to avalanche danger. In many parts of the world, recreational backcountry skiers in avalanche terrain are aided by a regional avalanche forecast. The overall aim of an avalanche forecast is for users to adjust their terrain choices in response to the avalanche danger rating and avalanche problem, thereby reducing their risk of an avalanche involvement. In this paper we present a novel passive observation technique to assess how lift assisted backcountry skiers adjust their terrain use in response to the avalanche danger rating.This paper develops and demonstrates a method to record the terrain metrics of all skiers on an avalanche-prone backcountry slope. Using a remote time-lapse camera focused on a high skier-use backcountry slope, we anonymously recorded the descent route of skiers in ten-second increments. Using 31,966 images over 13 days and 7499 skier point locations, skier locations were digitized from the images, then transformed onto a geo-referenced digital elevation model (DEM) such that terrain metrics could be extracted for each anonymous skier location.When these location points are compared to simultaneous GPS measurements, the horizontal accuracy was estimated to be within a 49-m horizontal accuracy, with a 95% confidence interval. Analysis of the terrain metrics for each skier point compared slope, profile curvature (downslope), and plan curvature (cross slope) over days with different forecasted avalanche danger ratings. This statistical analysis was qualitatively supported by a review of the spatial patterns of the terrain choices on these days. Furthermore, we used this technique to estimate group size, and found a surprising number of solo skiers, even on Considerable avalanche danger days. By remotely photographing all skiers on a slope, the data collected provides a large and diverse data set of the terrain preferences of backcountry skiers under varying avalanche conditions, with limited bias. These results have implications for avalanche education by enhancing our understanding of specific terrain management skills by backcountry skiers.
Highlights
Avalanches are a recognized hazard for those recreating in snow covered mountainous terrain (McClung, 2014; McCammon and Haegeli, 2007)
This study aims to address the selection bias introduced by convenience samples documenting the terrain preferences by collecting data on all backcountry skiers on Saddle Peak on a given day(s) using a time lapse camera methodology
Under Considerable avalanche danger, most skiers chose either the ski area boundary line or the ridge descent from Saddle Peak – lines considered less exposed than other choices
Summary
Avalanches are a recognized hazard for those recreating in snow covered mountainous terrain (McClung, 2014; McCammon and Haegeli, 2007). The east facing slope is adjacent to, but outside of, the south boundary of the Bridger Bowl Ski Area and almost exclusively accessed through the ski area. It is visible from the Schlasman's lift within the ski area. The large avalanche start zones across the east face of Saddle Peak are frequently wind-loaded and corniced. The cliffs around 2400 m, the avalanche run-out zone of Saddle Peak is low angle terrain adjacent to the ski area boundary. Bridger Bowl operates with an open boundary policy where skiers are free to depart the ski area in identified locations; the south boundary line is one such area
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