Abstract
In this paper, the performance, modelling and application of a planar electromagnetic sensor are discussed. Due to the small size profiles and their non-contact nature, planar sensors are widely used due to their simple and basic design. The paper discusses the experimentation and the finite element modelling (FEM) performed for developing the design of planar coils. In addition, the paper investigates the performance of various topologies of planar sensors when they are used in inductive sensing. This technique has been applied to develop a new displacement sensor. The ANSYS Maxwell FEM package has been used to analyse the models while varying the topologies of the coils. For this purpose, different models in FEM were constructed and then tested with topologies such as circular, square and hexagon coil configurations. The described methodology is considered an effective way for the development of sensors based on planar coils with better performance. Moreover, it also confirms a good correlation between the experimental data and the FEM models. Once the best topology is chosen based on performance, an optimisation exercise was then carried out using uncertainty models. That is, the influence of variables such as number of turns and the spacing between the coils on the output inductance has been investigated. This means that the combined effects of these two variables on the output inductance was studied to obtain the optimum values for the number of turns and the spacing between the coils that provided the highest level of inductance from the coils. Integrated sensor systems are a pre-requisite for developing the concept of smart cities in practice due to the fact that the individual sensors can hardly meet the demands of smart cities for complex information. This paper provides an overview of the theoretical concept of smart cities and the integrated sensor systems.
Highlights
It is evident that the increase in the spacing distance causes a gradual decrease in the value of the generated inductance
It can be seen that for any given spacing value, the squared coil configuration has provided the highest level of inductance compared to the hexagonal and circular designs
As the spacing value increases, the generated inductance obtained from all designs converges and this means that at larger spacing values, it becomes less dependent on the coil configuration
Summary
The sensory-based infrastructure has become the key concept for GPS, RFID scanners, magnetometers, Light Detection and Ranging (LIDARs), temperature and humidity air pressure measurements. Such a concept finds applications in smart parking, structural health, smartphone detection, electromagnetic field levels, traffic congestion and smart lighting. As smart cities prevail with a rising ability to be instrumented, various movable and fixed sensors, connected through wired and wireless network, are implemented Such applications include adaptive and personalised maps, vehicle navigation, traffic monitoring and road incident detection [1,2,3,4]. The study of such planar type systems for sensing has been extended to evaluate properties related to the near surface material such as permeability, conductivity and permittivity
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