Using the carbon balance method based on fuel-weighted average concentrations to estimate emissions from household coal-fired heating stoves

Abstract

In China, household coal burning accounts for a large proportion of primary fine particulate matter (PM2.5), black carbon (BC), organic carbon (OC), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions. Previous field investigations generally measured short-term emissions from heating coal stoves, which did not provide a full characterization of the actual conditions in most cases, or resulted in large uncertainties in the calculated emission factors (EFs). In this study, we propose a sampling design using a chimney partial-capture dilution system in the field measurement of household coal-fired heating stoves emissions during selected periods within the different burn phases and then using the carbon balance method (CBM) based on fuel-weighted average concentrations (FWAC) from the different burn phases to quantify emissions. We evaluated this proposed methodology by comparing the results with a laboratory total-capture dilution-tunnel system. Statistical analysis indicated that emissions measured during the selected burn cycle periods using the dilution sampling system can generally represent emissions at different burn phases; however, different dilution ratios can affect EFs for PM2.5 and OC. EFs of air pollutants derived by CBM with FWAC are more representative of the actual emissions than simple average concentration (SAC) and time-weighted average concentrations (TWAC). In the field application, to quantify FWAC, it is suggested to determine the ratio of power in the jth burn phase (Pj) to that in the high power phase (PH) of the stove, i.e., Pj/PH values with the calorimeter. If measured Pj/PH values are not available, the recommended value in this study is also suggested.