Abstract
Shipping activities significantly contribute to global atmospheric pollutant emissions. Numerous studies have used synchrotron X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (SRXRF) to identify elemental species in atmospheric particles, yet few studies have applied this technique for assessing PM10-bound chemical species from shipping emissions. In this study, we conducted simultaneous sampling of PM10 at three air quality observation sites located close to Laem Chabang Sea Port (LCSP) from 24 May to 27 June 2020. The PM10 samples were then chemically characterised using SRXRF at the Beam Line 5.1 Wiggler (BL5.1W) in the Siam Photon Source, Synchrotron Light Research Institute (Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand). We identified unique features in the SRXRF spectra of PM10 samples collected from the site adjacent to LCSP. The average percentage contributions of selected metals at LCSP occurred in the order of Fe > Cu > Te > As > Br > Kr > Mn > Cr > Ni > V > Ti > P > Se > S > Cl, which is in good agreement with the results of previous studies conducted in Bangkok. Although some previous studies highlight the importance of V/Fe as the diagnostic binary ratio that can be used as a chemical proxy for categorizing shipping related particles, this application can be problematic-particularly in the atmospheric environment with high contents of iron-rich dust aerosols. In stead of employing V/Fe, the diagnostic binary ratios of As/V and Se/V can be considered as alternative geochemical tracers for classifying shipping emissions associated aerosols. By applying the concept of enrichment factor (EF), Se is exceedingly enriched in all observatory sites indicating that industrial emissions were the dominant contributor of Se at the ambient air of Lam Chabang. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) successfully classify a group of V, Ti, Ga, and Ni at all sampling sites, which may be caused by shipping activities coupled with industrial emissions.
Highlights
There are many advantages, it is necessary to identify and minimise the various environmental impacts from commercial shipping transportation
Se can be used as a chemical tracer of industrial emissions; the high positive correlations of other elements in PC3 (i.e., V, Mn, Ni, and Se) are likely due to anthropogenic emissions from Pinthong Industrial Estate 1 (PIE1) industrial factories
Our results suggest that Ni/V can be used as an effective chemical tracer for aerosol identification from coal-fired power plant emissions
Summary
There are many advantages, it is necessary to identify and minimise the various environmental impacts from commercial shipping transportation. Low-frequency noise levels from ocean freight shipping activities enhanced by up to 3 dB per decade from the mid-1960s to 2000 (McDonald et al, 2006). Aerosol and Air Quality Research | https://aaqr.org emissions (Olmer et al, 2017). These emissions are expected to increase with the growth of maritime container shipping, which is expected to enhance the melting of ice and snow—especially in the Arctic region (Corbett et al, 2010). Ocean freight shipping activities influence the contents of atmospheric chemical species and enhance the deposition of nitrogen and sulphur compounds along the main shipping routes (Aksoyoglu et al, 2016)
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