Abstract
Results from the cases show considerable gains of efficiency in fuel consumption in private cars; and heating efficiency in multi-dwelling houses. Thus incremental changes are important; but are partially offset by changes in characteristics of the artefacts. Radical changes; as the factual change from air to rail; and a counterfactual double switch from gasoline to electric cars and from electric heating to district heating; and probable gains from the phase-out of incandescent lamps; show even bigger gains. Both incremental and radical changes are subject of counteracting tendencies; of a broader nature than that associated with rebound effects; such as more cars per inhabitant and fewer people in each dwelling. The approach seem to promise a way to analyse energy efficiency that captures both promoting and counteracting factors; and at both the micro and macro level.
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