Abstract
The new wave of modern rail transit and the proposal of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) have complicated the business patterns of the rolling stock manufacturing industry (RSMI) and the export of rolling stock products, especially in the case of countries participating in the BRI. Based on the analysis of trade patterns—which focuses on the evolution of trade links, community structures, and intraregional export competitiveness—this study aims to explore the changes in the RSMI within the BRI region from 2003 to 2017. Sequential clustering was applied to the creation of a three-phase timeline. The network models of the cumulative trade of the rolling stock products and trades of two typical categories of products were constructed in each phase for the evolution analysis. Social network analysis methods, such as the analysis of network indices and community detection, were also applied. The results show that from 2003 to 2017, the connectivity of the rolling stock trade in this region significantly increased. China was the largest exporter, with increasing trade influence and technological strength. Ukraine and Russia were less competitive and highly mutually dependent. Czechia and Austria’s competitiveness remained prominent, but compared with China they lacked expansive vitality. South Korea was also an active and competitive country with strong technological prowess. These countries accounted for the majority of the exports, and were always at the center of their own separate communities, over which they maintained a sphere of influence. The grouping of countries far from any such spheres of influence changed frequently.
Highlights
It has stimulated the rise of related industries such as the rolling stock manufacturing industry (RSMI) [3] and the development of the national economy
With the expansion of cities and the growth of the economy, intercity high-speed rail (HSR) and modern urban railway systems have been thriving in Japan and other developed countries in Europe and North
The findings show that the proposal of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) effectively influenced the intraregional trade pattern and led to rich dynamics [59]
Summary
Rail transit is crucial for intercity and urban public transport. It is efficient, safe, energy-saving, and less polluting [1,2]. The development of modern rail transit began in the first half of the 19th century and has raised the efficiency of freight and passenger transportation. It has stimulated the rise of related industries such as the rolling stock manufacturing industry (RSMI) [3] and the development of the national economy. Since the 1960s, rail transit, which had been affected by the development of highways and airlines, has regained its position in the global transport system. With the expansion of cities and the growth of the economy, intercity high-speed rail (HSR) and modern urban railway systems have been thriving in Japan and other developed countries in Europe and North
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