Using response latency within a preference assessment.

Abstract

This study evaluated the effects of using differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO) with a differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA) resetting time schedule to reduce stereotypy in a child with Rett Syndrome. The primary purpose of the investigation was to compare latency and choice as dependent measures to identify reinforcers for use within a DRO/A contingency using a resetting time schedule. The treatment contingencies were arranged to decrease the rate of stereotypy and increased functional play skills. Overall, our results support the use of latency to respond as a dependent measure for selecting reinforcers. Keywords: Response Latency, Preference Assessment, Automatic Behavior ********** When working with children who engage in inappropriate behavior, it is relatively easy to identify a social function. Through observation and manipulation of environmental variables, previous research suggests that most problem behavior is maintained by a social function (Iwata et al., 1994). Treatment for behaviors that serve an automatic function are more difficult to identify because social reinforcers are not identified. Specifically, maintaining contingencies are extremely difficult to manipulate because the behavior itself provides reinforcement (Iwata et al., 1994). Often, an attempt is made to identify activities or objects that can compete with the behavior itself (Alberto & Troutman, 2005). Alternatively, attempts can be made to identify substitutable stimuli to replace sensory reinforcement obtained by engaging in the behavior (Piazza, Hanley, & Fisher, 1996). In addition, it has been demonstrated in the literature that substitutable stimuli are (a) preferred and (b) result in decreased levels of problem behavior when presented non-contingently. The purpose of this study was to identify effective reinforcers for use in a treatment package for a young child who engaged in stereotypic behaviors maintained by automatic reinforcement. By doing so, we further sought to compare the use of choice versus response latency as a dependent measure for use within a preference assessment. We hypothesized that more effective reinforcers would be identified using response latency as a dependent measure. Specifically, because these stimuli were shown to decrease the occurrence of automatic behavior within the preference assessment, we hypothesized that they were substitutable to the behavior. Method Participants and Setting The participant was a 6-year-old female diagnosed with Rett Syndrome. She was referred by her classroom teacher for the assessment and treatment of stereotypy. Stereotypy was reported to occur at high rates in home and school settings. All observations took place in a 3.m by 4.5m room located adjacent to her classroom. The room was equipped with a two-way window for unobtrusive observation. Data Collection, and Interobserver Agreement The dependent variables were (a) inappropriate vocalizations, which were defined as loud, raspy, noises in the back of the throat occurring in brief bursts; (b) spitting which was defined as having the tongue completely out of the mouth making a spitting noise; (c) hand wringing which was defined as rubbing the pads on the fingers of one hand against the pads on the fingers of the other hand together, usually done by the shoulder; (d) hand flapping defined as moving her hands up and down either by the hips or shoulders; (e) latency, which was defined as the amount of time, in seconds, between the presentation of an item and the first occurrence of a stereotypic response; and (f) choice, which was defined as reaching for one of two objects within a concurrent operant format. Data were collected using three different observational systems: (a) partial-interval recording, (b) event recording, and (c) latency recording. All partial interval recording was collected via videotape and scored later using a 6-s recording system. …