Abstract
Introduction: Cyanobacterial blooms (CBs) have become a growing concern worldwide. In the natural environment, potentially toxic (can produce toxins) and non-toxic (can not produce toxins) colonies often co-exist within a bloom.
 Methods: The present study aimed to quantify toxic and non-toxic cells of cyanobacteria in the Tri An Reservoir (TAR) using a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR).
 Results: Results showed that the Microcystis genus dominated the cyanobacterial communities in the TAR. Microcystis was also the primary microcystins (MC) producing cyanobacteria in the water. Total cyanobacteria and Microcystis cells ranged from 152103 to 27106 copy/L and from 105103 to 19106 copy/L, respectively. The cell number of potentially MC-producing cyanobacteria (corresponding to the Microcystis mcyD gene) varied from 27103 to 13106 copy/L. MC concentrations often present in raw water with a concentration of up to 4.8 mg/L. Our results showed that the MC concentration in raw water was positively correlated with the mcyD copy number, suggesting that Microcystis spp. are the main toxin producers in the TAR's surface water.
 Conclusion: Our study suggested that qRT-PCR techniques and traditional count are comparable and could be used to quantify cyanobacteria. In addition, the qRT-PCR techniques can determine the toxic cyanobacterial cells and could be used as a tool for early monitoring of toxic cyanobacteria in lakes and reservoirs.
Highlights
Cyanobacterial blooms (CBs) have become a growing concern worldwide
Our study suggested that quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) techniques and traditional count are comparable and could be used to quantify cyanobacteria
We first run the standard curves using the DNA extracted from the toxic M. aeruginosa NIES-102, applied for the samples collected from the Tri An Reservoir (TAR)
Summary
Cyanobacterial blooms (CBs) have become a growing concern worldwide. In the natural environment, potentially toxic (can produce toxins) and non-toxic (can not produce toxins) colonies often co-exist within a bloom. Methods: The present study aimed to quantify toxic and non-toxic cells of cyanobacteria in the Tri An Reservoir (TAR) using a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Toxic cyanobacterial blooms (TCBs) in inland lakes and reservoirs have become a worldwide problem 1. These blooms have resulted in economic loss due to degradation of water quality and increase health risk 2. Producing by the toxic cells of different cyanobacteria, including Microcystis, Dolichospermum, and Planktothrix, MC is the largest diverse group of cyanobacterial toxins more than 100 variants reported 5. The conventional PCR could detect the presence or absence of the mcy genes in cyanobacteria, it could not quantify the potentially toxic and nontoxic cell number. The occurrence of toxic cyanobacterial bloom in the TAR has been
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