Abstract
Abstract Concepts of causation are discussed, as are alternative explanations of an association other than causation. Nine types of genetically sensitive natural experiments are described, together with their assumptions and limitations. Social selection biases can be dealt with by designs involving the universal introduction or removal of risks. The use of instrumental variables is discussed in relation to early puberty, China's one‐child policy, and Mendelian randomization. Regression discontinuity designs are described as a way of dealing with confounders. We end by considering whether natural experiments are really needed, and we conclude that they are. We note that natural experiment opportunities are widely available and do not constitute a discrete number of designs.
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