Abstract
Culturing slowly growing tree seedlings is a potential approach for managing the conflict between the increasing demand for ornamental stock and the decreasing area of farmlands due to urbanization. In this study, Buddhist pine (Podocarpus macrophyllus [Thunb.] D. Don) seedlings were raised in multishelves with light-emitting diode lighting in the spectrum of 17:75:8 (red:green:blue) at 190–320 μmol m-2 s-1 with controlled temperature and relative humidity at 19.5°C and 60%, respectively. Seedlings were fed by exponential fertilization (EF) (nitrogen [N]-phosphorus [P]2O5-K2O, 10-7-9) at eight rates of 0 (control), 20 (E20), 40 (E40), 60 (E60), 80 (E80), 100 (E100), 120 (E120), and 140 (E140) mg N seedling-1 for four months through 16 fertilizer applications. The nutritional responses of Buddhist pine seedlings can be identified and classified into various stages in response to increasing doses, up to and over 120 N seedling-1. Morphological traits, i.e., the green color index and leaf area (LA) obtained by digital analysis and the fine root growth, all remained constant in response to doses that induced steady nutrient loading. LA had a positive relationship with most of the nutritional parameters. A dose range between 60 and 120 mg N seedling-1 was recommended for the culture of Buddhist pine seedlings. At this range of fertilizer doses, measuring the leaf area through digital scanning can easily and rapidly indicate the inherent nutrient status of the seedlings.
Highlights
MethodsSeedling materialBuddhist pine seeds were obtained from trees at Hangzhou (30o10’ N, 120o20’ E), Zhejiang, China
Urbanization is one of the most critical forces driving land use change on Earth
The nutrient deficiency status ranged between 0 and 60 mg N seedling-1 for Buddhist pine seedlings because shoot biomass increased in this treatment compared to that in the control; this status was confirmed by the vector analysis
Summary
Seedling materialBuddhist pine seeds were obtained from trees at Hangzhou (30o10’ N, 120o20’ E), Zhejiang, China. Germinated seeds were moved to planting tray cells (approximately 0.2 L; 7 cm × 13 cm, topdiameter × height) filled with a commercial substrate of peat, spent-mushroom residue, and perlite (55:20:25, v/v/v) PH, and EC were determined according to the method of Wei et al [22]. The initial substrate had an ammonium N content of 79.99±8.23 mg kg-1 (three replicated observations; the same below), nitrate N content of 1.67±0.78 g kg-1, available P content of 0.36±0.05 g kg-1, organic matter content of 12.9±0.15%, pH of 4.82±0.02, and electrical conductivity (EC) of 1.62±0.15 mS cm-1
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