Using Latent Class Modeling to Jointly Characterize Economic Stress and Multipollutant Exposure.

Abstract

Work is needed to better understand how joint exposure to environmental and economic factors influence cancer. We hypothesize that environmental exposures vary with socioeconomic status (SES) and urban/rural locations, and areas with minority populations coincide with high economic disadvantage and pollution. To model joint exposure to pollution and SES, we develop a latent class mixture model (LCMM) with three latent variables (SES Advantage, SES Disadvantage, and Air Pollution) and compare the LCMM fit with K-means clustering. We ran an ANOVA to test for high exposure levels in non-Hispanic black populations. The analysis is at the census tract level for the state of North Carolina. The LCMM was a better and more nuanced fit to the data than K-means clustering. Our LCMM had two sublevels (low, high) within each latent class. The worst levels of exposure (high SES disadvantage, low SES advantage, high pollution) are found in 22% of census tracts, while the best levels (low SES disadvantage, high SES advantage, low pollution) are found in 5.7%. Overall, 34.1% of the census tracts exhibit high disadvantage, 66.3% have low advantage, and 59.2% have high mixtures of toxic pollutants. Areas with higher SES disadvantage had significantly higher non-Hispanic black population density (NHBPD; P < 0.001), and NHBPD was higher in areas with higher pollution (P < 0.001). Joint exposure to air toxins and SES varies with rural/urban location and coincides with minority populations. Our model can be extended to provide a holistic modeling framework for estimating disparities in cancer survival.See all articles in this CEBP Focus section, "Environmental Carcinogenesis: Pathways to Prevention."