Abstract
There are many reports of devices and fuel additives being able to enhance the performance of automobiles and other forms of transportation that rely upon the combustion of gasoline or diesel fuels. The claims extend from increased mileage and power to significant reductions in toxic exhaust emissions of carbon monoxide and unburnt hydrocarbons. Progress towards more widespread applications of means of improving fuel efficiency has been impeded by the lack of a coherent explanation of the mechanism of action. Fuel combustion allows for the conversion of much of the available chemical energy in volatile hydrocarbons to mechanical energy, which moves the pistons within an engine. It is proposed that the amount of chemical energy in hydrocarbons can be increased by the absorption of an environmental force termed KELEA (kinetic energy limiting electrostatic attraction). In addition to providing greater mechanical energy with relatively less heat output, the combustion of KELEA activated fuels proceeds further with less toxic emissions of carbon monoxide and unburnt hydrocarbons from incomplete combustion. KELEA activation of fuels should become standard practice in the transportation industry, with potential additional benefits in slowing the rate of global warming.
Highlights
It is proposed that the amount of chemical energy in hydrocarbons can be increased by the absorption of an environmental force termed kinetic energy limiting electrostatic attraction (KELEA)
This review offers a potential explanation for the improved performance of diesel and gasoline fuels seen with various devices and fuel additives
Manufacturers report improvements in mileage and power output, which are consistent with the postulated input of an environmental force termed KELEA
Summary
The biological reconversion with oxygen of photosynthesized carbohydrates to carbon dioxide and water releases energy that is mainly used to add a third phosphate to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to generate the high-energy molecule, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) [4]. Organic molecules can be structurally changed into different molecules by chemical reactions [5] These reactions can occur without added energy, providing the total available energy in the reacting molecules exceeds the total available energy in the resulting molecules [6]. The energy generating phases of linked chemical reactions presumably leads to the local formations of low density water domains. These domains return to being high density domains upon the transfer of energy to components of the energy dependent phases of linked chemical reactions
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