Abstract
Renewable technologies, and in particular the electric vehicle revolution, have generated tremendous pressure for the improvement of lithium ion battery performance. To meet the increasingly high market demand, challenges include improving the energy density, extending cycle life and enhancing safety. In order to address these issues, a deep understanding of both the physical and chemical changes of battery materials under working conditions is crucial for linking degradation processes to their origins in material properties and their electrochemical signatures. In situ and operando synchrotron-based X-ray techniques provide powerful tools for battery materials research, allowing a deep understanding of structural evolution, redox processes and transport properties during cycling. In this review, in situ synchrotron-based X-ray diffraction methods are discussed in detail with an emphasis on recent advancements in improving the spatial and temporal resolution. The experimental approaches reviewed here include cell designs and materials, as well as beamline experimental setup details. Finally, future challenges and opportunities for battery technologies are discussed.
Highlights
The increasing use of portable electronics, the need for renewable energy sources, and the ascent of electric cars in today’s market, are generating tremendous pressure for the improvement of Lithium-ion batteries’ (LIB) performance
Among all synchrotron techniques used for battery characterization, X-ray diffraction (XRD) is perhaps the most widely applied technique used to analyse the composition and the structure at atomic scale of LIB components [17]
Considering the advances in XRD analysis for battery development, this review focuses on synchrotron-based in-situ XRD characterization of LIBs
Summary
The increasing use of portable electronics, the need for renewable energy sources, and the ascent of electric cars in today’s market, are generating tremendous pressure for the improvement of Lithium-ion batteries’ (LIB) performance. Among all synchrotron techniques used for battery characterization, X-ray diffraction (XRD) is perhaps the most widely applied technique used to analyse the composition and the structure at atomic scale of LIB components [17]. Considering the advances in XRD analysis for battery development, this review focuses on synchrotron-based in-situ XRD characterization of LIBs. In detail, Section 2 describes the necessary requirements that an in-situ cell has to satisfy, in terms of design, materials, and configurations, with a brief review on the state of the art of the first in-situ cells developed for diffraction experiments. Given the importance of coupling multiple in-situ techniques to understand complex phenomena occurring during battery operation, it is significant to consider experiments which couple diffraction with other powerful techniques such as imaging, spectroscopy, and microscopy.
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