Abstract
The present study was carried out to investigate the yield, quality, and metabolomic responses of four different vegetable crops to treatments with pure juglone standard and walnut (Juglans regia L.) leaf extract at soil concentrations found in walnut orchards. A total of 60 phenolic compounds were identified and quantified, some for the first time in these crop vegetables. Beta vulgaris L. and Lactuca sativa L. were less susceptible to juglone. For crop quality, B. vulgaris showed the least effects of the different treatments. Both Brassica rapa L. var. japonica and Valerianella locusta Laterr. showed lower yields, even at the lower juglone concentration, and reduced quality, so their cultivation in juglone-containing soils should be avoided. This study also investigated leaf quality at different ages and the quality and yield of these crop vegetables grown under the influence of allelochemicals, to determine the influence of allelochemicals on metabolomics and, thus, on the uptake of phenolic compounds considered to be beneficial to human health.
Highlights
The present study was carried out to investigate the yield, quality, and metabolomic responses of four different vegetable crops to treatments with pure juglone standard and walnut (Juglans regia L.) leaf extract at soil concentrations found in walnut orchards
If a plant is under stress, its content of phenolic compounds increases as a response to the stress [8], and the plant uses energy and nutrients meant for growth and other primary functions to produce these defensive compounds [9,10,11]
A total of 60 phenolic compounds were identified based on the previous literature data: 15 for B. vulgaris; 15 for B. rapa var. japonica; 17 for L. sativa; 13 for V. locusta
Summary
The present study was carried out to investigate the yield, quality, and metabolomic responses of four different vegetable crops to treatments with pure juglone standard and walnut (Juglans regia L.) leaf extract at soil concentrations found in walnut orchards. This study investigated leaf quality at different ages and the quality and yield of these crop vegetables grown under the influence of allelochemicals, to determine the influence of allelochemicals on metabolomics and, on the uptake of phenolic compounds considered to be beneficial to human health. Phenolic compounds can be unique and found only in one crop or cultivar, or they can be present across several varieties They have important roles in plant defence against pathogens, predators, and biotic and abiotic stresses [7,8].
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