Abstract
Our objective in this study was to promote cell responses through the immobilization of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) on roughened zirconia (ZrO2) through using the natural cross-linker genipin in dental implant applications. Field emission scanning electron microscope, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to analyze the surface characterizations, including the topography, chemistry, and functional groups, respectively, of the test specimens. Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) were used to detect cell responses (adhesion, proliferation, and mineralization). The surface characterizations analysis results revealed that genipin was effective in immobilizing BMP-2 on roughened zirconia surfaces. BMP-2 proved effective in promoting the adhesion and mineralization of hMSCs on roughened zirconia. The surface modification proposed has potential in zirconia dental implant applications.
Highlights
Tooth loss is commonly dealt with using removable dentures or dental bridges; many patients are dissatisfied with their functionality and aesthetic appearance
Previous studies have shown that the roughening of the surface via physical treatments improves the mechanical interlocking of the dental implant with the surrounding bone [4] and the adhesion, metabolic activity, and proliferation of human osteoblast-like cells [5]
The ZSGB specimens presented an irregular flake layer and the bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) was mixed with the genipin
Summary
Tooth loss is commonly dealt with using removable dentures or dental bridges; many patients are dissatisfied with their functionality and aesthetic appearance. Titanium (Ti) dental implant is highly biocompatible; its metallic gray color is not aesthetically pleasing and its corrosion product may induce allergic reactions in patients [1,2]. Zirconia (ZrO2 ) is a viable alternative to Ti as an implant material due to its good mechanical properties, biocompatibility, corrosion resistance, tooth-like appearance, and low plaque affinity [3]. Previous studies have shown that the roughening of the surface via physical treatments (such as sandblasting) improves the mechanical interlocking of the dental implant with the surrounding bone [4] and the adhesion, metabolic activity, and proliferation of human osteoblast-like cells [5]. Treatments involving the immobilization of biologically active molecules on zirconia surfaces have been shown to enhance the bioactivity (i.e., Ca/P formation ability) [6,7]
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