Using Fe–Cu/HGF composite cathodes for the degradation of Diuron by electro-activated peroxydisulfate

Abstract

An iron-copper graphite felt (Fe–Cu/HGF) electrode was successfully prepared by heat treatment and impregnation of graphite felt as the support followed by calcination, and an electro-activated peroxydisulfate (E-PDS) system with Fe–Cu/HGF as the cathode was constructed to degrade Diuron. This system synergistically activated PDS through electrochemical processes and transition metal catalysis. High-valence metal ions could be converted into low-valence metal ions by reduction at the cathode, and low-valence metal ions continuously activated PDS to generate more sulfate radicals (SO4-) and hydroxyl radicals (OH) to accelerate Diuron degradation. The Fe–Cu/HGF composite cathode exhibited a performance superior to graphite felt (RGF) obtained using pretreatment only, including increased hydrophilicity, significantly increased number of defect sites and larger electroactive surface area. Under optimized experimental degradation conditions, Diuron could be completely removed in 35 min, at which time copper ion leaching was not detected in the solution, while the total iron ion concentration was 0.27 mg L−1. Extending the reaction time to 6 h, the amount of total organic carbon was reduced to 32.2%. In addition, the free radicals that degraded Diuron were identified as mainly SO4- and OH with a slightly higher contribution of SO4-. The mechanism and pathways of Diuron degradation in the E-PDS system were determined. The E-PDS system was successfully applied to the degradation of other pollutants and the degradation of Diuron in different simulated water environments. In summary, the E-PDS system using Fe–Cu/HGF as the cathode is a promising treatment method for Diuron-containing wastewater.