Abstract

Fast and efficient transportation is an important part of our lives. Thus, liquid fuels with high energy density along with small internal combustion engines are providing a convenient, affordable transportation solution. However, soaring fuel prices, ebbing fuel reserves, accumulating greenhouse gases, and national security needs lead us to seek alternative fuels. Producing liquid fuels from renewable sources, including cellulosic ethanol, algal diesel, and butanol, could partly meet these challenges. Although internal combustion engines can run on such fuels, biomass resources for producing them are limited, as is the low energy conversion efficiency of such engines.

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