Abstract
We discuss the role of experimental fluid mechanics in improving cardiovascular devices from the perspective of our roughly 30 year experience at The Pennsylvania State University. Our approach to experimental design, including the choice and expectations for measurement techniques, is examined. Our experience is mainly with artificial heart pumps and mechanical heart valves. We have studied these devices using flow visualization, hot film anemometry, ultrasound, laser Doppler anemometry and particle image velocimetry. Our interest has been in evaluating regions of high and low mean and turbulent stress and their relationship to thromboembolisms and hemolysis. We have also contributed to the understanding of mechanical heart valve cavitation. Comparison of in-vitro and in vivo measurements and the issue of clinical relevance are highlighted through example. Finally, in consideration of the ever increasing speed and detail available from experimentation (and computation), we discuss the future of experimental fluid mechanics as an integral design tool.
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