Abstract
Several insights from the clinical treatment of breast cancer patients have revealed that only a portion of patients achieve the expected curative effect after traditional targeted therapy, that surgical treatment may promote the development of cancer metastasis, and that the optimal combination of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and traditional treatment is not clear. Therefore, a more precise classification of breast cancer and selection of treatment methods should be undertaken to improve the efficacy of clinical treatment. In the clinical treatment of breast cancer, cell communication molecules are often selected as therapeutic targets. However, various cell communications are not static. Their dynamic changes are related to communicating cells, communicating molecules, and various intertwined internal and external environmental factors. Understanding the dynamic microenvironment can help us improve therapeutic efficacy and provide new ways to more accurately determine the cancer status. Therefore, this review describes multiple types of cellular communication in the breast cancer microenvironment and incorporates internal and external environmental factors as variable signaling factors in cell communication. Using dynamic and developmental concepts, we summarize the functional changes in signaling molecules and cells to aid in the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer.
Highlights
The breast cancer microenvironment consists of mammary ductal epithelium, many kinds of stromal cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM)
Surgical removal of the primary cancer Target of estrogen receptor (ER) Doxorubicin Microwave ablation combined with OK-432 Target of metastatic cancer Neoadjuvant versus adjuvant chemotherapy
Eliminate inhibitions from primary tumors to micro-metastatic foci Mutations in ER or transformations from ER+ to ER− Maximum-tolerated dose of doxorubicin promotes the proliferation of cancer cells Change the ratio of Th1 to Th2 cells to reduce reoccurrence of cancer Heterogeneity between the primary and metastatic breast cancer Patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy have a higher local recurrence rate characterized by the abnormal proliferation and differentiation of target cells and represent an adaptive response to various upstream communication related cell and molecular variations
Summary
The breast cancer microenvironment consists of mammary ductal epithelium, many kinds of stromal cells (such as fibroblasts, immune cells, adipocytes and endothelial cells) and the extracellular matrix (ECM). It has been confirmed that all cells in the breast cancer microenvironment can release various cytokines and act on surrounding cells by binding to the receptors expressed on their membrane surface They sequentially induce biological behavioral changes in recipient cells and regulate the occurrence and development of breast cancer through the kinase signaling system. It is interesting that THBS1 has been shown to inhibit primary tumor growth via antiangiogenic mechanisms but promotes lung metastasis in mouse models, in which it induces the migration and invasion of breast cancer cells via the activation of TGF-β and up-regulation of the urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) system [43]. As a member of these fatty acids, arachidonic acid (ARA) is an important intermediate metabolite in the body This product can stimulate the ERK1/2 and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways within endothelial cells to promote angiogenesis and metastasis in breast cancer [62].
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