Abstract
Deep learning has achieved considerable success in medical image segmentation. However, applying deep learning in clinical environments often involves two problems: (1) scarcity of annotated data as data annotation is time-consuming and (2) varying attributes of different datasets due to domain shift. To address these problems, we propose an improved generative adversarial network (GAN) segmentation model, called U-shaped GAN, for limited-annotated chest radiograph datasets. The semi-supervised learning approach and unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA) approach are modeled into a unified framework for effective segmentation. We improve GAN by replacing the traditional discriminator with a U-shaped net, which predicts each pixel a label. The proposed U-shaped net is designed with high resolution radiographs (1,024 × 1,024) for effective segmentation while taking computational burden into account. The pointwise convolution is applied to U-shaped GAN for dimensionality reduction, which decreases the number of feature maps while retaining their salient features. Moreover, we design the U-shaped net with a pretrained ResNet-50 as an encoder to reduce the computational burden of training the encoder from scratch. A semi-supervised learning approach is proposed learning from limited annotated data while exploiting additional unannotated data with a pixel-level loss. U-shaped GAN is extended to UDA by taking the source and target domain data as the annotated data and the unannotated data in the semi-supervised learning approach, respectively. Compared to the previous models dealing with the aforementioned problems separately, U-shaped GAN is compatible with varying data distributions of multiple medical centers, with efficient training and optimizing performance. U-shaped GAN can be generalized to chest radiograph segmentation for clinical deployment. We evaluate U-shaped GAN with two chest radiograph datasets. U-shaped GAN is shown to significantly outperform the state-of-the-art models.
Highlights
Deep learning models have gained increasing popularity in medical segmentation
U-shaped generative adversarial network (GAN) trained with 100% annotated data achieves a performance increase of 0.4–10.8% over the state-of-the-art traditional models and supervised convolutional neural networks (CNNs) on both the Japanese Society of Radiological Technology (JSRT) and Montgomery County (MC) datasets
We propose U-shaped GAN to overcome the crucial problems caused by scarce labeled data and inevitable domain shift
Summary
Deep learning models have gained increasing popularity in medical segmentation. Deep learning models with supervision require substantial pixel-level annotated data to achieve sufficient accuracy and prevent over-fitting (1–4). Pixellevel annotation is expensive, especially with medical images, because it is time-consuming and requires highly skilled experts (3, 5). Medical image datasets are usually small, which cannot meet the requirement of deep learning, due to a lack of annotations (6, 7). Even if a model is well-trained on a certain medical dataset, its accuracy decreases when it is applied to unseen domains (8, 9). The deep learning models suffer an accuracy drop between two domains due to domain shift (8). These problems limit the application of deep learning models in clinical environments
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