Abstract
This review highlights discoveries made using phage display that impact the use of agricultural products. The contribution phage display made to our fundamental understanding of how various protective molecules serve to safeguard plants and seeds from herbivores and microbes is discussed. The utility of phage display for directed evolution of enzymes with enhanced capacities to degrade the complex polymers of the cell wall into molecules useful for biofuel production is surveyed. Food allergies are often directed against components of seeds; this review emphasizes how phage display has been employed to determine the seed component(s) contributing most to the allergenic reaction and how it has played a central role in novel approaches to mitigate patient response. Finally, an overview of the use of phage display in identifying the mature seed proteome protection and repair mechanisms is provided. The identification of specific classes of proteins preferentially bound by such protection and repair proteins leads to hypotheses concerning the importance of safeguarding the translational apparatus from damage during seed quiescence and environmental perturbations during germination. These examples, it is hoped, will spur the use of phage display in future plant science examining protein-ligand interactions.
Highlights
Since its development by Smith [1], phage display has proven to be a powerful tool for protein interaction studies in Immunology, cell biology, drug discovery, and pharmacology
Random DNA libraries, or those formed from cDNA after randomly priming mRNA, provide a host of different amino acid contexts that can translate into a continuum of affinities for the bait
Despite the utility of phage display, the technique has received less attention from plant scientists, with the exception of sustained programs developing antibodies to a host of different cell wall components [5], a topic discussed in other literature [6] and not examined here
Summary
Since its development by Smith [1], phage display has proven to be a powerful tool for protein interaction studies in Immunology, cell biology, drug discovery, and pharmacology. Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine as the foundation of ligand-protein affinity, guiding future protein engineering efforts. This technique, due to its simplicity and efficacy, has been responsible for discoveries of synthetic antibodies and molecular interactions and utilized in directed evolution. The applications of phage display for discovery of protein-ligand interactions have become increasingly complex as its utility has been recognized in a diversity of fields, including the identification of targets of bioactive molecules. Despite the utility of phage display, the technique has received less attention from plant scientists, with the exception of sustained programs developing antibodies to a host of different cell wall components [5], a topic discussed in other literature [6] and not examined here. Phage display should figure more prominently in the research of those plant scientists examining molecular interactions in the future
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