Abstract
In this article, power control of uplink connection in the ultra-dense heterogeneous networks (HetNets), which are studied as different types of access points (APs), is investigated. It is demonstrated that an efficient performance of users during the uplink transmission is limited to the issue of per-user power control. Although the per-user power control allows users to transmit with full power to maintain a stable connection, it also causes a higher outage probability during the uplink transmission. In light of this, we propose a robust distributed energy-efficient scheme for uplink power control in HetNets, which confronts the per-user power control problem and coordination of the multi-user interferences. Therefore, firstly, Jarvic-Patric (JP) algorithm is adopted for the users' clustering. Unlike the traditional JP algorithm, conditions for the formation of users' clustering are extended with a term named the degree of membership in this article. Secondly, the distributed energy efficiency (EE) problem is formulated as the mean-metric of the EE, i.e., a sum of users' cooperative EE functions to address the cooperation problem among clustered interfering users at the local level and coordination of multi-user interferences at a global level. The formulation of the EE problem in this fashion reveals the interdependence of power optimization at local and global levels, which brings about the necessity of joint optimization. Hence, we propose a novel 2-level distributed cooperative learning (DCL) scheme, where users act as self-organized agents and optimize power control at local and global levels jointly. In the 2-level DCL scheme, clustered users are engaged in the cooperative game of power control at the local level to maximize the cooperative EE. Meantime, users communicate with each other to learn an online power control at the global level. Besides, a popular performance metric for a machine learning scheme named regret is demonstrated for the 2-level DCL scheme. Finally, the numerical results demonstrate that the proposed scheme significantly improves the EE compared to existing works.
Highlights
Ultra-dense heterogeneous networks (HetNets) are presented as a promising paradigm for future wireless networks
This assumption can be well justified as the densities of macro access points (MAPs) and small cell APs (SAPs) in ultra-dense HetNets can be higher than active users
This article investigates a power control of uplink connection in the ultra-dense HetNets, which are studied as different types of access points (APs)
Summary
Ultra-dense heterogeneous networks (HetNets) are presented as a promising paradigm for future wireless networks. Ultra-dense HetNets are benefitted from a user-centric concept because an unprecedented number of connected devices carry the future networks to the. The user-centric ultra-dense HetNets’ concept is introduced as one of the appealing candidates for future networks. The source of energy consumption in mobile devices is significantly increasing due to the popularity of mobile internet services [3]. Compared with traditional telephone services, the generation of mobile devices are consuming more abundant energy to utilize an immense amount of computing and networking resources. The mobile device power management has to meet new requirements offered by an unprecedented growth of wireless networks and mobile internet services [5]
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