Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death among both women and men, but there is still a great percentage of misdiagnosis and lack of clearly defined criteria. Advances in biomolecular science have proven the crucial role of inflammation and, more importantly, the role of adipokines in mediating all stages of coronary artery disease. It has also been suggested that regional fat deposits, more precisely from thoracic region, have a major influence on the development of coronary artery disease by creating a local proatherogenic environment. The immune system closely interacts with metabolic risk factors to initiate, promote, and further aggravate the atherosclerotic lesions on the arterial wall all with the “help” of adipokines. So nowadays, research extensively focuses on uncovering biomarkers that would provide an increased chance of detecting subclinical cardiac distress and also add a consistent value to current guideline-imposed risk criteria.
Highlights
The adipose tissue secretes several hormone-like molecules called adipokines, which participate in body physiology regulation
Production of these proteins by adipose tissue is increased in obesity and has led to the idea that obese patients are characterised by a state of chronic low-grade inflammation, that links causally to insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome
Resistin stimulates monocytes, endothelial cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells, thereby inducing atherosclerosis in experimental animals [58]. These experimental evidences, together with clinical studies demonstrating the association of resistin plasma levels with obesity [59, 60], metabolic syndrome (MetS) [61], and ischemic heart disease [62, 63], suggest that resistin might play a role in the interaction between insulin resistance, inflammation, and atherosclerosis [59, 60]
Summary
The adipose tissue secretes several hormone-like molecules called adipokines, which participate in body physiology regulation. [2, 3] Production of these proteins by adipose tissue is increased in obesity and has led to the idea that obese patients are characterised by a state of chronic low-grade inflammation, that links causally to insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome. There are a multitude of studies that address this issue and the issue of the interaction between the immune mechanisms and metabolic risk factors. This interaction initiates, promotes, and activates the lesions in the coronary arteries, and currently, efforts are made to find the key biomarkers that could unveil the risk of the progression of atherosclerosis in patients with metabolic disorders
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