Use of salt to control ichthyophthiriosis and prevent saprolegniosis in silver perch,Bidyanus bidyanus

Abstract

The ciliate protozoan, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, and the fungus, Saprolegnia parasitica, cause the diseases ichthyophthiriosis and saprolegniosis respectively. Both diseases are difficult to control and can cause high mortalities of freshwater fish, including the Australian silver perch, Bidyanus bidyanus (Mitchell). The efficacy of salt (NaCl) in controlling and preventing these diseases in silver perch was evaluated in aquaria and tanks. Low pH levels were also evaluated as a control for ichthyophthiriosis. Concentrations of 2 or 3 g L−1 salt controlled infestations of I. multifiliis, and fish were free of both theronts and trophonts by day 8 at temperatures of 17.3–21.3 °C and by day 6 at 19.2–23.5 °C. Fish treated with 1 g L−1 salt remained infested and all fish in a control treatment (0 g L−1 salt) died. Although the mean survival rates of infested fish at pH levels of 5 or 6 were only 13.9% and 7.6%, respectively, there were no theronts or trophonts on surviving fish after 12 days. Silver perch harvested from a pond and treated with 2 or 3 g L−1 salt did not become infected with S. parasitica and survival was 100%, whereas 16.6% of untreated (0 g L−1 salt) fish became infected and survival was only 66.7%. A concentration of 2 g L−1 NaCl is recommended for the control of ichthyophthiriosis and the prevention of saprolegniosis in silver perch held in tanks, aquaria and re-circulating aquaculture systems.