Abstract
Simple SummaryColorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most frequent cancers worldwide. Early detection of CRC is crucial, as it greatly improves the survival of patients. Currently, the CRC screening programs consist of a stool test to detect the presence of blood in stool and a subsequent colonoscopy to confirm the diagnosis. However, CRC screening can be further improved with the use of new biomarkers. Omics technologies, that is, techniques that generate a vast amount of data, can help to establish these markers. Here, we discuss the use of omics with different types of samples (breath, urine, stool, blood, bowel lavage fluid, and tissue) and highlight some of the most relevant biomarkers that have been recently detected.Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers with high mortality rates, especially when detected at later stages. Early detection of CRC can substantially raise the 5-year survival rate of patients, and different efforts are being put into developing enhanced CRC screening programs. Currently, the faecal immunochemical test with a follow-up colonoscopy is being implemented for CRC screening. However, there is still a medical need to describe biomarkers that help with CRC detection and monitor CRC patients. The use of omics techniques holds promise to detect new biomarkers for CRC. In this review, we discuss the use of omics in different types of samples, including breath, urine, stool, blood, bowel lavage fluid, or tumour tissue, and highlight some of the biomarkers that have been recently described with omics data. Finally, we also review the use of extracellular vesicles as an improved and promising instrument for biomarker detection.
Highlights
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers, with more than 1.9 million estimated new cases worldwide [1]
Omics techniques are a useful tool for new CRC biomarkers research, in both in situ tissue samples and different fluids related to this type of cancer
Great efforts and advances have been made by the scientific community to identify biomarkers through these techniques that could help in the management of CRC patients
Summary
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers, with more than 1.9 million estimated new cases worldwide [1]. The main aim of these programs is to remove pre-malignant lesions which could develop into malignant tumours, as well as to start treatment in early-stage detected cancers. This way, it is expected to reduce CRC incidence and CRC-specific mortality, which has been proven effective [4]. Analyzing the genome may help researchers understand how genes interact with each other and the environment and how certain diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, or heart disease develop This may lead to new ways to diagnose, treat, and prevent disease [15]. Cancers 2022, 14, 817 control and CRC-associated microbiomes and eventually describe new CRC biomarkers [19]
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