Abstract
BackgroundHuman are confronted on a daily basis with contaminant pesticide residues in food, water and other components of the environment. Although the digestive system is the first organ to come into contact with food contaminants, very few data are available on the impact of low-dose pesticide exposure during the in utero and postnatal periods on intestinal bacterial translocation (BT). Previous studies have revealed that chlorpyrifos (CPF) exposure is associated with intestinal dysbiosis and the contamination of sterile organs. Here, molecular typing was used to investigate intestinal bacterial translocation in rats exposed to chlorpyrifos in utero and during lactation. The translocated bacteria were profiled, and CPF tolerance and antibiotic resistance traits were determined.MethodsA total of 72 intestinal segments and extra-intestinal organs were obtained from 14 CPF-exposed rats. The samples were cultured to isolate bacterial strains that had tolerated treatment with 1 or 5 mg CPF/kg bodyweight/day in vivo. Strains were identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) Biotyper. The disk diffusion method was used to determine the antibiotic susceptibility. The isolates were genotyped with PCR assays for the enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequence and random amplification polymorphic DNA.ResultsBacterial translocation was confirmed for 7 of the 31 strains (22.6 %) isolated from extra-intestinal sites. Overall, the most prevalent bacteria were Staphylococcus aureus (55.5 % of the 72 intestinal and extra-intestinal isolates), Enterococcus faecalis (27.7 %) and Bacillus cereus (9.8 %). 5 % of the S. aureus isolates displayed methicillin resistance. Seventy two strains were identified phenotypically, and seven translocated strains (mainly S. aureus) were identified by genotyping. Genotypically confirmed translocation was mainly observed found in pesticide-exposed groups (6 out of 7).ConclusionBT from the intestinal tract colonized normally sterile extra-intestinal organs in CPF-exposed rats. Our findings validate the use of molecular typing for the assessment of intestinal BT in CPF-exposed rats during critical periods of development.
Highlights
Human are confronted on a daily basis with contaminant pesticide residues in food, water and other components of the environment
There is substantial evidence to show that this mechanism alone cannot account for the wide range of harmful effects associated with organophosphorus pesticides—especially when the level of exposure is below the threshold for acute toxicity [2]
All S. warneri, B. cereus and M. luteus isolates were susceptible to the antibiotics tested with the Staphylococcus genus, except for two strains of S. warneri that were resistant to fusidic acid and Er
Summary
Human are confronted on a daily basis with contaminant pesticide residues in food, water and other components of the environment. The digestive system is the first organ to come into contact with food contaminants, very few data are available on the impact of low-dose pesticide exposure during the in utero and post‐ natal periods on intestinal bacterial translocation (BT). Condette et al [4] showed for the first time that low-dose chlorpyrifos exposure in vivo causes morphological changes in the intestinal epithelium, alters intestinal permeability and increases bacterial translocation (BT, as detected by culture-based methods). In rats, this phenomenon is associated with (and probably caused by) failure of the intestine’s barrier function and an imbalance of in the intestinal microbiota [5]
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