Use of mesoporous BiOI microspheres for sonocatalytic degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride

Abstract

Self-assembled mesoporous BiOI microsphere with nanosheets were prepared by a solvothermal method and used as sonocatalysts. The sonocatalytic performances of the BiOI microspheres were evaluated in terms of the degradation rate of tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) as a model pollutant. We designed three comparative experiments to explore the degradation of TCH solution under natural light, namely with sonication, with BiOI alone, and with ultrasound (US)/BiOI synergy. The degradation rate of TCH with US/BiOI synergy was 227 times higher than that achieved with sonication and 83 times higher than that achieved with BiOI alone. The maximum TCH degradation rate was 93.0%. The synergistic effect was therefore significant, and the synergy factor was estimated to be 61. Many factors such as the ultrasonic duty cycle, applied power, catalyst concentration, and initial TCH dye concentration may affect the ultrasonic degradation efficiency. Box–Behnken design of the response surface method were used to optimize the parameters and to study the effects of the catalyst concentration, ultrasonic duty cycle, and applied power. Analysis of variance confirmed that the quadratic response surface model for predicting the sonocatalytic efficiency was good for the corresponding parameters (R2 = 0.9936 and adjusted R2 = 0.9854). The optimization results were verified by replicate experiments. The high TCH degradation rate may be related to the generation of reactive oxygen species at the end of cavitation bubble collapse, which can improve the chemical yields.