Abstract
The aims of this review paper are to 1) provide an overview of how mapping and spatial and space-time modeling approaches have been used to date to visualize and analyze mosquito vector and epidemiologic data for dengue; and 2) discuss the potential for these approaches to be included as routine activities in operational vector and dengue control programs. Geographical information system (GIS) software are becoming more user-friendly and now are complemented by free mapping software that provide access to satellite imagery and basic feature-making tools and have the capacity to generate static maps as well as dynamic time-series maps. Our challenge is now to move beyond the research arena by transferring mapping and GIS technologies and spatial statistical analysis techniques in user-friendly packages to operational vector and dengue control programs. This will enable control programs to, for example, generate risk maps for exposure to dengue virus, develop Priority Area Classifications for vector control, and explore socioeconomic associations with dengue risk.
Highlights
Introduction to Mapping and Spatial andSpaceTime Modeling Approaches to Facilitate Operational Control of Aedes aegypti and DengueDengue and other diseases caused by arboviruses maintained in mosquito–human transmission cycles are characterized by dramatic outbreaks that may overwhelm public health capacity for outbreak control and supportive patient care [5]
Numerous reviews have broadly addressed the use of geographical information system (GIS), remote sensing (RS), and spatial and space-time modeling approaches in the field of vector-borne diseases [1,2,3,4]
Our review focuses on dengue, which is caused by mosquito-borne dengue viruses, and aims to 1) provide an overview of how mapping and spatial and space-time modeling approaches have been used to date to visualize and analyze mosquito vector and epidemiologic data; and 2) discuss the potential for these approaches to be included as routine activities in operational vector and dengue control programs
Summary
Numerous reviews have broadly addressed the use of geographical information system (GIS), remote sensing (RS), and spatial and space-time modeling approaches in the field of vector-borne diseases [1,2,3,4]. User-friendly GIS software and other emerging mapping technologies, such as Google Earth and Microsoft Virtual Earth, provide new opportunities to visualize spatial and space-time patterns for entomological and epidemiological data, and to generate risk models for vector and dengue virus exposure. One recent study from Thailand demonstrated that implementation of integrated vector control within 100 m around dengue case homes resulted in decreased exposure to dengue virus compared to untreated areas [59] This type of ‘‘detect-and-respond’’ approach will, not address dispersal by infected humans beyond the selected control perimeter and likely will fail during an outbreak when numerous new transmission foci appear over short time periods [29,51]. N The emergence of an inexpensive diagnostic test to determine serotype-specific dengue virus exposure would open the door for a new generation of serotype-specific dengue mapping and spatial modeling efforts This would increase the value of such risk assessment approaches to inform operational vector and dengue control. This would further increase the effectiveness of targeted immunization campaigns by enabling the combination of spatial information on the historical risk of dengue virus transmission with knowledge of current immunization coverage
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