Abstract
This paper describes the development of a low-cost multiparameter acquisition system for volcanic monitoring that is applicable to gravimetry and geodesy, as well as to the visual monitoring of volcanic activity. The acquisition system was developed using a System on a Chip (SoC) Broadcom BCM2835 Linux operating system (based on DebianTM) that allows for the construction of a complete monitoring system offering multiple possibilities for storage, data-processing, configuration, and the real-time monitoring of volcanic activity. This multiparametric acquisition system was developed with a software environment, as well as with different hardware modules designed for each parameter to be monitored. The device presented here has been used and validated under different scenarios for monitoring ocean tides, ground deformation, and gravity, as well as for monitoring with images the island of Tenerife and ground deformation on the island of El Hierro.
Highlights
Volcanic eruptions are phenomena that can significantly affect populations in the immediate surroundings of the point of eruption and those located at greater distances
For the development of the data-acquisition system, a Raspberry PiTM microcomputer (Table 5) on an ARMTM-embedded processor with the Raspbian operating system was chosen for its low cost and consumption. Given that it supports different GNU/Linux operating systems, it is ideal for developing a real-time measurement system and facilitates the development of applications across multiple communication protocols such as User Datagram Protocol (UDP), Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), File Transfer Protocol (FTP), and Secure Shell (SSH) and Secured
Since the programming uses high-level languages it is very easy to develop applications for data manipulation. This acquisition system consists mainly of a low-noise 16-bit A/D converter from Analog Devices (Norwood, MA, USA) and a real-time clock (RTC) from NXP Semiconductors (Eindhoven, Netherlands), which is necessary if the system loses its Internet connection and cannot be synchronized via the Network Time Protocol (NTP) protocol
Summary
Volcanic eruptions are phenomena that can significantly affect populations in the immediate surroundings of the point of eruption and those located at greater distances (e.g., flight disruption caused by ash clouds). That situation has changed in the last few years with the development of new instruments using chip technologies allowing for real-time monitoring [9] These devices have improved their power consumption [10], taking advantage of renewable energies and wide variety of ways of systems available for transferring data [11,12,13,14], and using standard protocols [15,16,17]. Microgravimetry is used to quantify geophysical density changes below the Earth’s surface and studies that employ this technique are usually conducted over a period of days or weeks (continuous recording is possible) They are repeated from periodically in different parts of the study area and yield variations in gravity measurements that are used to characterize the state of the system [22]. Examples of the importance of monitoring volcanic activity using images can be found in works on the characterization of highly explosive eruptions [37] and in studies of the relationship between the data recorded by other techniques and their effect on the Earth’s surface [38]
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