Abstract
Laser Raman spectrometry has been applied to the in situ quantitative determination of urea and ammonium carbamate concentrations under urea synthesis conditions (120–210 °C, 5–35 MPa, NH3:CO2= 5 and H2O:CO2= 0). Good agreement was found between urea conversion values measured and those calculated using a recently published expression. To achieve these results, suitable signal processing procedures were developed, potassium nitrate was used as an internal standard and a cell from synthetic sapphire, suitable for high-pressure measurements, was employed. Calibration in a high-pressure cell fabricated from sapphire, which exhibits birefringence, can be achieved through the use of glass capillary tube cells suitable for lower pressures.
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