Abstract
As a result of morphological and developmental characteristics of the early avian embryo, several approaches, taking place at early stages, have been investigated to introduce foreign DNA into the avian genome. They include: 1. Insemination with sperm cells to which foreign DNA was coated (,); 2. Transfection of DNA into follicles before fertilization (), 3. Direct injection of naked DNA into newly fertilized ova or into germinal disk (, , , ), 4. Microinjection of replication-defective retroviral vectors (-) into unincubated embryo blastoderm, and; 5. Retroviral infection of primordial germ cells, PGCs (,).
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