Abstract
The risk of oil contamination, either through produced water discharges, accidents, or non-point-sources, has increased, and it is attributed with the negative impact on the Black Sea ecosystem, and especially in coastal waters. Coastal marine waters are known as the areas of fish and invertebrates spawning sites, including commercial species, which early developmental stages are highly sensitive to crude oil and its derivates. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of mazut at concentrations of 0.00001, 0.0001, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, and 1 ml l−1 on the biomarker response in the developmental embryos (stages IV and V) of tubenose goby Proterorhinus marmoratus. We used the biomarkers of antioxidant enzyme activities, namely superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (PER) and glutathione reductase (GR). The non-uniform response on mazut impact at tested concentrations on fish embryos was shown. The best biomarker was peroxidase activity, which was highly sensitive to oil pollution and reflected the response of the organism on stressful environment. The imbalance between tested antioxidant enzyme activities was clearer at low and high levels of mazut, and it was less in the case of medium values. The obtained results can be applied for the development of oil toxicity tests for monitoring management and for perspectives of conservation ecology.
Highlights
The investigators report the elevated levels of the man-made pollution and its deleterious effects on marine environment and aquatic organisms in all levels of their biological organization
The study of the consequences of oil pollution in the Black Sea and especially in its coastal waters is an important problem for the evaluation of the ecological status of the marine ecosystem, because petroleum contamination is chronic in the Black Sea
The highest enzyme level in stage V embryos was indicated at the mazut concentration of 0.0001 ml l-1 (? 416% to the control, p \ 0.05); in other experimental groups, CAT level varied insignificantly from - 39 to ? 76% compared to the control
Summary
The investigators report the elevated levels of the man-made pollution and its deleterious effects on marine environment and aquatic organisms in all levels of their biological organization. The risk of oil contamination, either through produced water discharges, accidents, or non-point-sources, has increased, and it is accompanied with the negative impact on marine ecosystems, sometimes resulting in extreme consequences for the marine environment, characterizing physical, chemical and biological damage of the water, sediments and impacted natural resources. In the Black Sea alone, oil production has been increased, it was estimated that annually 80–130,000 tons of oil enters the ecosystem, and 1% of this is associated with the accidents (Leonov and Fashuk 2006). The study of the consequences of oil pollution in the Black Sea and especially in its coastal waters is an important problem for the evaluation of the ecological status of the marine ecosystem, because petroleum contamination is chronic in the Black Sea. Oil is distributed in the water and accumulated in bottom sediments and biota. Petroleum pollution in the shelf zone of the sea will rise intensively, and so the risk of oil spills (Kuznetsov and Fedorov 2010)
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