Abstract
Grape phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae Fitch) is a major pest of cultivated grapevines (Vitis spp.), occurring in virtually all viticultural regions around the world. Different grape phylloxera strains can be found at varying levels on leaves and roots on both own-rooted plants and in plants grafted onto partially resistant rootstocks. Considering its relevance for the adequate management of the pest in infested vineyards, the analysis of its genetic diversity has received considerable attention from the scientific community in the last decades. Here, we review 25 years of DNA-based molecular markers applied to the analysis of the genetic structure and the reproductive mode of grape phylloxera in its native range and in different introduced regions. The use given to RAPD, AFLP, mtDNA sequencing and microsatellite (SSR) genetic markers for the analysis of grape phylloxera diversity is discussed, and an overview of the main findings obtained after their application to different populations collected in diverse regions all around the world is shown. Lastly, we explore how recent advancements in molecular biology and in modern high throughput genotyping technologies may be applied to better understand grape phylloxera natural diversity at a molecular level.
Highlights
Grape phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae Fitch) is a major pest of cultivated grapevines (Vitis spp.), occurring in virtually all viticultural regions around the world
Among the 14 genotypic classes of grape phylloxera examined, three mitochondrial haplotypes were identified based on the variation detected at 20 loci within the C Oxidase Subunit I (COI) gene sequence. The analysis of these classes revealed the presence of two clades, which partially correlated with vine host usage. These findings indicated that different lineages of grape phylloxera were introduced into Australia with different hosts; one closely related to Californian genotypes, and another with a high similitude to strains isolated in Oregon, Washington, Europe, Argentina and New Zealand
The establishment of efficient procedures for data acquisition and data analysis has increased our knowledge of the interaction between this pest and Vitis spp., allowing the analysis of its ecology in its native range and in introduced regions worldwide
Summary
Grape phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae Fitch) is an obligate biotroph on Vitis spp. The continuous introduction of additional Vitis spp. plants from North America caused the introduction of additional grape phylloxera biotypes in European vineyards [9]. B includes those strains with superior performance on nodosities and tuberosities on the roots of rootstocks derived from American Vitis spp. crossed with V. vinifera, but a limited performance on nodosities on the roots of rootstocks derived from crosses between American species [27] These biotypes represent evolutionary transients generated in the process of speciation between the insect and the plant, and they are developed through diverse natural selection processes that select individuals carrying genetic variations that maximize their fitness [28].
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