Use of Cyclodextrins in Anticancer Photodynamic Therapy Treatment.

Régis Vanderesse,Céline Frochot,Albert Moussaron,Ludovic Colombeau,Ludivine Larue,Francis Baros,Samir Acherar,Zahraa Youssef,Amina Ben Mihoub

doi:10.3390/molecules23081936

Abstract

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is mainly used to destroy cancerous cells; it combines the action of three components: a photoactivatable molecule or photosensitizer (PS), the light of an appropriate wavelength, and naturally occurring molecular oxygen. After light excitation of the PS, the excited PS then reacts with molecular oxygen to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to cellular damage. One of the drawbacks of PSs is their lack of solubility in water and body tissue fluids, thereby causing low bioavailability, drug-delivery efficiency, therapeutic efficacy, and ROS production. To improve the water-solubility and/or drug delivery of PSs, using cyclodextrins (CDs) is an interesting strategy. This review describes the in vitro or/and in vivo use of natural and derived CDs to improve antitumoral PDT efficiency in aqueous media. To achieve these goals, three types of binding modes of PSs with CDs are developed: non-covalent CD–PS inclusion complexes, covalent CD–PS conjugates, and CD–PS nanoassemblies. This review is divided into three parts: (1) non-covalent CD-PS inclusion complexes, covalent CD–PS conjugates, and CD–PS nanoassemblies, (2) incorporating CD–PS systems into hybrid nanoparticles (NPs) using up-converting or other types of NPs, and (3) CDs with fullerenes as PSs.

Highlights

Cancer and TreatmentsCancer has more than 277 different types and is the second leading cause of global death after cardiovascular diseases [1]
Cancer as a whole is responsible of nearly one-sixth of global deaths and the latest available estimates of cancer mortality from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) indicate 8.9 million global deaths in 2016, whose most common causes of death are the cancers of lung (19.2% of the total), stomach (9.4%), colorectal (9.3%), liver (9.3%), and breast (6.1%) (Table 1) [4]
PS) for Photodynamic therapy (PDT) cancer treatments is confronted by several limitations, such as a fairly low absorption band close to 630 nm driving the need for high PS injection to produce enough reactive oxygen species (ROS) to result in tumor destruction

Summary

Cancer and Treatments

Cancer has more than 277 different types and is the second leading cause of global death after cardiovascular diseases [1]. The top five killer cancers for both sexes combined are reported, and these data revealed that lung (19.4% of the total), liver (9.1%), stomach (8.8%), colorectal (8.5%) and breast (6.4%) are the five most common causes of cancer death Based on these estimates and on the prediction that the number of new global cancer cases is expected to increase by 70%. The duration, frequency, and the number of chemotherapy or radiation therapy cycles produce negative side effects that tend to gradually get worse over time Based on these findings, researchers have developed further cancer therapies to improve the effectiveness of treatments while reducing undesired side effects, such as immunotherapy [12,13], hormone therapy [14], gene therapy [15,16], cryotherapy [17], targeted cancer therapies [18,19], stem cell transplant [20,21], thermal therapy [22,23], and photodynamic therapy [24,25,26]

Photodynamic Therapy for Cancer Treatment

Cyclodextrins for Enhancing Drug Solubility and Delivery

22.22.33. CCyyccllooddeexxttrriinnss--PPhhoottoosseennssiitiizzer Nanoassemblies

Findings

Cyclodextrin–Photosensitizer Systems into Other Types of Nanoparticles